Table 2.
Population characteristics and mobility metrics by sex and HIV serostatus
| Characteristic | Women | Men | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV− | HIV+ | p value |
HIV− | HIV+ | p value |
|
| Weighted n | 1110.7 | 198.5 | 893.1 | 105.7 | ||
| Region (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Western Kenya | 514.1 (46.3) | 163.4 (82.3) | 424.6 (47.5) | 84.9 (80.3) | ||
| Eastern Uganda | 291.0 (26.2) | 9.0 (4.5) | 238.2 (26.7) | 5.8 (5.5) | ||
| South western Uganda | 305.5 (27.5) | 26.2 (13.2) | 230.3 (25.8) | 14.9 (14.1) | ||
| Age (Mean (SD)) | 38.0 (17.3) | 38.6 (11.9) | 0.550 | 35.0 (5.7) | 34.8 (7.3) | 0.011 |
| 10-year Age Band (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 16-24 | 272.0 (24.5) | 13.9 (7.0) | 251.2 (28.1) | 2.9 (2.8) | ||
| 25-34 | 308.3 (27.8) | 69.2 (34.8) | 233.3 (26.1) | 28.9 (27.3) | ||
| 35-44 | 193.3 (17.4) | 66.6 (33.6) | 177.7 (19.9) | 36.7 (34.8) | ||
| 45-54 | 134.8 (12.1) | 25.0 (12.6) | 75.5 (8.4) | 19.3 (18.2) | ||
| 55-64 | 98.7 (8.9) | 15.9 (8.0) | 71.9 (8.0) | 13.9 (13.1) | ||
| 65 and older | 103.7 (9.3) | 7.9 (4.0) | 83.6 (9.4) | 4.0 (3.8) | ||
| Marital Status (%) | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Divorced, Separated, Widowed, Missing | 247.5 (22.3) | 75.7 (38.1) | 50.5 (5.7) | 5.6 (5.3) | ||
| Currently married | 732.5 (66.0) | 114.6 (57.8) | 659.6 (73.9) | 97.7 (92.4) | ||
| Currently single | 130.6 (11.8) | 8.1 (4.1) | 183.0 (20.5) | 2.4 (2.3) | ||
| Education level | 0.033 | 0.380 | ||||
| No Schooling | 217.6 (19.6) | 22.2 (11.2) | 69.7 (7.9) | 5.7 (5.4) | ||
| Primary/Secondary | 849.5 (76.6) | 170.7 (86.4) | 775.2 (87.6) | 94.9 (90.1) | ||
| Post-secondary | 41.7 (3.8) | 4.7 (2.4) | 40.3 (4.6) | 4.8 (4.5) | ||
| Household wealth: Poorest quantile (%) | 145.9 (13.1) | 22.8 (11.5) | 0.617 | 145.5 (16.3) | 17.5 (16.6) | 0.932 |
| Occupation (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| (Informal low risk) | ||||||
| Farming/livestock (exclusively) | 706.4 (63.6) | 93.5 (47.1) | 489.4 (54.8) | 49.1 (46.5) | ||
| Student | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.4) | 28.8 (3.2) | 0.1 (0.1) | ||
| Construction/artisanal labor | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.7 (0.4) | 59.2 (6.6) | 6.2 (5.9) | ||
| Shopkeeper/market vendor | 156.0 (14.0) | 45.3 (22.8) | 84.2 (9.4) | 5.0 (4.8) | ||
| Household worker/housewife | 0.4 (0.0) | 2.1 (1.1) | 2.3 (0.3) | 1.2 (1.2) | ||
| Other/Missing | 109.1 (9.8) | 7.4 (3.7) | 64.6 (7.2) | 3.9 (3.7) | ||
| (Formal) | ||||||
| Government/military/teacher/healthcare | 50.2 (4.5) | 10.1 (5.1) | 39.2 (4.4) | 4.9 (4.7) | ||
| Factory worker/mining | 1.5 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.8 (0.1) | 2.3 (2.2) | ||
| (Informal high risk) | ||||||
| Fishing/fish trade | 69.5 (6.3) | 32.2 (16.2) | 72.0 (8.1) | 27.2 (25.8) | ||
| Hotel/restaurant/bar worker | 17.5 (1.6) | 3.5 (1.8) | 16.3 (1.8) | 1.2 (1.1) | ||
| Transport driver/tourism | 0.0 (0.0) | 2.1 (1.0) | 36.2 (4.1) | 4.4 (4.2) | ||
| Short-term mobility (travel to and from residences) | ||||||
| Past 6 months mobility (>=1 nights away) | ||||||
| Any labor-related travel, past 6 mo.(%) | 19.9 (1.8) | 10.2 (5.1) | 0.004 | 141.3 (15.8) | 30.4 (28.8) | 0.003 |
| No. labor-related trips (mean (SD)) | 0.2 (4.3) | 0.9 (8.4) | 0.068 | 1.4 (10.3) | 3.3 (17.3) | 0.065 |
| No. nights away, labor-related travel (mean (SD)) | 0.6 (7.2) | 2.3 (14.8) | 0.069 | 4.6 (19.5) | 9.1 (30.1) | 0.012 |
| Any other travel, past 6 mo.(%) | 565.6 (50.9) | 140.3 (70.7) | 0.006 | 266.2 (29.8) | 41.3 (39.1) | 0.091 |
| No. non-work trips (mean (SD)) | 1.2 (2.1) | 1.7 (2.5) | 0.059 | 0.6 (1.4) | 0.7 (1.5) | 0.199 |
| No. nights away, non-work travel (mean (SD)) | 5.6 (14.4) | 7.1 (14.9) | 0.138 | 3.1 (12.1) | 2.0 (7.0) | 0.173 |
| Past 1 month mobility (>=1 nights away) | ||||||
| Any labor-related travel, past 1 mo.(%) | 11.6 (1.0) | 6.1 (3.1) | 0.020 | 77.9 (8.7) | 17.3 (16.4) | 0.039 |
| No. labor-related trips (mean (SD)) | 0.0 (0.7) | 0.1 (1.2) | 0.044 | 0.3 (1.9) | 0.7 (3.5) | 0.027 |
| No. nights away, labor-related travel (mean (SD)) | 0.1 (0.9) | 0.4 (3.1) | 0.060 | 0.8 (3.7) | 1.4 (5.5) | 0.007 |
| Any other travel, past 1 mo.(%) | 277.2 (25.0) | 59.9 (30.2) | 0.230 | 126.3 (14.1) | 20.1 (19.0) | 0.069 |
| No. non-work trips (mean (SD)) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.102 | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.224 |
| No. nights away, non-work travel (mean (SD)) | 1.0 (3.4) | 1.0 (2.7) | 0.918 | 0.9 (4.0) | 0.6 (2.3) | 0.061 |
| Reasons for travel (among those reporting travel) | ||||||
| Most common reason for labor-related travel (%) | 0.176 | 0.014 | ||||
| Artisanal labor (e.g. construction) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 25.3 (29.0) | 3.6 (22.2) | ||
| Farming (own plot or others' plots) | 0.9 (4.6) | 1.5 (15.1) | 5.4 (6.2) | 3.4 (20.8) | ||
| Fishing | 0.8 (4.1) | 1.5 (14.8) | 13.6 (15.6) | 4.7 (29.1) | ||
| Looking for work | 6.1 (30.5) | 1.0 (9.9) | 5.6 (6.4) | 0.1 (0.7) | ||
| Market trading (including buying stock to sell) | 12.1 (60.8) | 5.9 (60.2) | 37.2 (42.7) | 4.4 (27.2) | ||
| Most common reason for non-work travel (%) | 0.234 | 0.189 | ||||
| Care-giving / Care-seeking | 49.6 (8.8) | 17.5 (12.5) | 35.2 (13.2) | 2.7 (6.6) | ||
| Funeral | 242.2 (42.8) | 66.7 (47.5) | 77.8 (29.1) | 17.5 (42.3) | ||
| Holiday / Visiting family | 181.3 (32.1) | 37.9 (27.0) | 108.2 (40.5) | 12.0 (29.0) | ||
| Other | 81.7 (14.4) | 18.0 (12.8) | 30.2 (11.3) | 7.8 (18.9) | ||
| Schooling | 10.7 (1.9) | 0.3 (0.2) | 15.6 (5.9) | 1.4 (3.3) | ||
| Any funeral attendance in past six months | 287.0 (25.8) | 80.3 (40.4) | 0.023 | 97.6 (10.9) | 20.2 (19.1) | 0.023 |
| Migration (permanent changes of residence over geopolitical boundaries) | ||||||
| Any adult migration | 442.5 (39.8) | 139.8 (70.4) | <0.001 | 414.7 (46.4) | 80.6 (76.3) | <0.001 |
| Any adult internal migration | 438.4 (39.5) | 139.1 (70.1) | <0.001 | 395.6 (44.3) | 78.2 (74.0) | <0.001 |
| Intra-District/Sub-county | 228.1 (20.5) | 93.5 (47.1) | 0.001 | 151.0 (16.9) | 37.2 (35.2) | 0.004 |
| Inter-District/Sub-county | 295.2 (26.6) | 89.3 (45.0) | 0.005 | 353.8 (39.6) | 65.5 (62.0) | 0.001 |
| Past 5 years: Any migration | 152.0 (13.7) | 43.0 (21.7) | 0.038 | 172.5 (19.3) | 27.7 (26.3) | 0.198 |
| Past 5 years: Any internal migration | 152.0 (13.7) | 43.0 (21.7) | 0.038 | 169.7 (19.0) | 26.1 (24.7) | 0.250 |
| 5-year Intra-District/Sub-county | 88.4 (8.0) | 30.8 (15.5) | 0.039 | 66.8 (7.5) | 11.8 (11.2) | 0.334 |
| 5-year Inter-District/Sub-county | 74.1 (6.7) | 16.6 (8.4) | 0.483 | 124.6 (14.0) | 17.6 (16.6) | 0.469 |
| Past 1 year: Any migration | 51.7 (4.7) | 14.3 (7.2) | 0.190 | 74.8 (8.4) | 9.6 (9.1) | 0.780 |
| Past 1 year: Any internal migration | 51.7 (4.7) | 14.3 (7.2) | 0.190 | 71.6 (8.0) | 9.4 (8.9) | 0.756 |
| Past year Intra-District/Sub-county | 29.7 (2.7) | 11.2 (5.6) | 0.086 | 22.8 (2.6) | 5.1 (4.8) | 0.230 |
| Past year Inter-District/Sub-county | 22.4 (2.0) | 3.1 (1.6) | 0.672 | 50.0 (5.6) | 4.7 (4.4) | 0.549 |
Notes: All metrics adjusted for sampling design.