Table 4.
Bivariate analyses of SDW and explanatory variables.
| Source of drinking water (SDW) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Unimproved SDW | Improved SDW | |
| Types of toilet facilities | ||
| Unimproved toilet facilities | 1307 (91.5%) | 9107 (87.6%) |
| Improved toilet facilities | 122 (8.5%) | 1293 (12.4%) |
| p ≤ 0.001; χ 2 = 17.73∗; df = 1 | ||
|
| ||
| Sex of the household head | ||
| Female | 327 (22.9%) | 3498 (33.6%) |
| Male | 1102 (77.1%) | 6902 (66.4%) |
| p ≤ 0.001; χ 2 = 66.38∗; df = 1 | ||
|
| ||
| Age of the household head | ||
| 15–34 years | 379 (26.5%) | 3312 (31.8%) |
| 35–54 years | 594 (41.6%) | 4282 (41.2%) |
| 55 years and above | 456 (31.9%) | 2806 (27.0%) |
| p ≤ 0.001; χ 2 = 22.53; df = 2 | ||
|
| ||
| Education level of the household head | ||
| No education/preschool | 618 (43.2%) | 2728 (26.2%) |
| Primary | 280 (19.6%) | 1382 (13.3%) |
| Middle/JSS/JHS | 415 (29.0%) | 3667 (35.3%) |
| Secondary/SSS/SHS | 85 (5.9%) | 1426 (13.7%) |
| Postsecondary | 31 (2.2%) | 1197 (11.5%) |
| p ≤ 0.001; χ 2 = 343.10; df = 4 | ||
|
| ||
| Marital status of the household head | ||
| Never married/never lived together | 123 (8.6%) | 1633 (15.7%) |
| Currently married | 1017 (71.2%) | 6437 (61.9%) |
| Formerly/ever married | 289 (20.2%) | 2330 (22.4%) |
| p ≤ 0.001; χ 2 = 62.44; df = 2 | ||
|
| ||
| Household size | ||
| 1–3 members | 629 (44.0%) | 5638 (54.2%) |
| 4–6 members | 513 (35.9%) | 3566 (34.3%) |
| 7 members and above | 287 (20.1%) | 1196 (11.5%) |
| p ≤ 0.001; χ 2 = 99.43; df = 2 | ||
|
| ||
| Household wealth index | ||
| Poorest | 655 (45.8%) | 1853 (17.8%) |
| Poor | 551 (38.6%) | 1867 (18.0%) |
| Middle | 175 (12.2%) | 2402 (23.1%) |
| Richer | 42 (2.9%) | 2243 (21.6%) |
| Richest | 6 (0.4%) | 2035 (19.6%) |
| p ≤ 0.001; χ 2 = 1286.00; df = 4 | ||
|
| ||
| Place of residence | ||
| Rural | 1192 (83.4%) | 4702 (45.2%) |
| Urban | 237 (16.6%) | 5698 (54.8%) |
| p ≤ 0.001; χ 2 = 731.95∗; df = 1 | ||
|
| ||
| Region of residence | ||
| Northern | 251 (17.6%) | 763 (7.3%) |
| Central | 118 (8.3%) | 1110 (10.7%) |
| Greater Accra | 32 (2.2%) | 1305 (12.6%) |
| Volta | 195 (13.6%) | 920 (8.8%) |
| Eastern | 231 (16.2%) | 1076 (10.3%) |
| Ashanti | 97 (6.8%) | 1213 (11.7%) |
| Brong Ahafo | 169 (11.8%) | 1156 (11.1%) |
| Western | 195 (13.6%) | 1107 (10.6%) |
| Upper East | 97 (6.8%) | 901 (8.7%) |
| Upper West | 44 (3.1%) | 849 (8.2%) |
| p ≤ 0.001; χ 2 = 433.80; df = 9 | ||
Note. ∗Yates' continuity correction. Column percentages are reported.