Table 7.
Predictors of access to improved toilet facilities.
| Explanatory variables | Model 0 aPR (95% CI) | Model 1 aPR (95% CI) | Model 2 aPR (95% CI) | Model 3 aPR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex of the household head | ||||
| Male | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Female | 1.20∗∗ (1.06, 1.25) | 1.18∗∗ (1.05, 1.33) | ||
|
| ||||
| Age of the household head | ||||
| 15–34 years | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 35–54 years | 1.88∗∗ (1.60, 2.21) | 1.70∗∗ (1.45, 2.00) | ||
| 55 years and above | 2.62∗∗ (2.21, 3.11) | 2.60∗∗ (2.18, 3.10) | ||
|
| ||||
| Education level of the household head | ||||
| No education/preschool | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Primary | 1.14 (0.96, 1.35) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.36) | ||
| Middle/JSS/JHS | 1.47∗∗ (1.26, 1.70) | 1.19∗ (1.01, 1.41) | ||
| Secondary/SSS/SHS | 2.16∗∗ (1.79, 2.59) | 1.45∗∗ (1.20, 1.75) | ||
| Postsecondary | 3.77∗∗ (3.18, 4.48) | 2.12∗∗ (1.74, 2.58) | ||
|
| ||||
| Marital status of the household head | ||||
| Never married nor lived together | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Currently married | 1.61∗∗ (1.32, 1.96) | 1.31∗∗ (1.09, 1.56) | ||
| Formerly/ever married | 1.12 (0.89, 1.41) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.33) | ||
|
| ||||
| Sources of drinking water | ||||
| Unimproved | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Improved | 0.82 (0.62, 1.09) | 0.82 (0.62, 1.07) | ||
|
| ||||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Rural | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Urban | 0.62∗∗ (0.50, 0.77) | 0.63∗∗ (0.52, 0.77) | ||
|
| ||||
| Household size | ||||
| 7 members and above | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 4–6 members | 0.77∗∗ (0.65, 0.85) | 0.80∗∗ (0.70, 0.92) | ||
| 1–3 members | 0.48∗∗ (0.42, 0.55) | 0.59∗∗ (0.51, 0.69) | ||
|
| ||||
| Household wealth index | ||||
| Poorest | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Poor | 1.21 (0.92, 1.59) | 1.19 (0.90, 1.54) | ||
| Middle | 1.81∗∗ (1.37, 2.34) | 1.77∗∗ (1.33, 2.34) | ||
| Richer | 3.19∗∗ (2.40, 4.25) | 2.90∗∗ (2.14, 3.93) | ||
| Richest | 9.44∗∗ (7.08, 12.61) | 7.33∗∗ (5.37, 10.00) | ||
| Intercept (community) | 0.12∗∗ (0.11, 0.14) | 0.03∗∗ (0.02, 0.04) | 0.10∗∗ (0.07, 0.16) | 0.03∗∗ (0.02, 0.06) |
|
| ||||
| Random effects | ||||
| Observations | 11829 | 11829 | 11829 | 11829 |
| Second-level units (community) | 427 | 427 | 427 | 427 |
| ICC | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.25 |
| QIC | 10235.76 | 10086.30 | 9511.01 | 9615.39 |
| QICu | 10226.42 | 10077.33 | 9460.96 | 9600.36 |
∗∗ p ≤ 0.01; ∗ p ≤ 0.05; ICC: intracommunity correlation coefficient; QIC: quasi-likelihood information criterion; QICu: the simplified version of the QIC.