Table 2.

Benchmark functions to be fitted.

Label	Function name	Expressions	Domain [lb, ub]
F1	De Jong's sphere	y=∑i=1 n x i 2	[−100, 100]
F2	Schwefel's problems 2.22	y=∑i=1 n ⌊x i ⌋+∏i=1 n ⌊x i ⌋	[−100, 100]
F3	Schwefel's problem 1.2	y=∑i=1 n∑j=1 i x j 2	[−100, 100]
F4	Schwefel's problem 2.21	$y=\underset{1\le i\le n}{\max }\lfloor x_i\rfloor$	[−100, 100]
F5	Chung Reynolds function	y=(∑i=1 n x i 2)2	[−100, 100]
F6	Schwefel's problem 2.20	y=∑i=1 n ⌊x i ⌋	[−100, 100]
F7	Csendes function	y=∑i=1 n x i 2(2+sin(1/x i))	[−1, 1]
F8	Exponential function	y=−e −0.5∑i=1nxi2	[−1, 1]
F9	Griewank's function	$y={\sum }_{i=1}^n\left(x_i^2/4000\right)-{\prod }_{i=1}^n\cos \left(x_i/\sqrt{i}\right)+1$	[−100, 100]
F10	Salomon function	$y=1-\cos \left(2\pi \sqrt{{\sum }_{i=1}^n{x}_i^2}\right)+0.1\sqrt{{\sum }_{i=1}^n{x}_i^2}$	[−100, 100]
F11	Zakharov function	y=∑i=1 n x i 2+(∑i=1 n0.5ix i)2+(∑i=1 n0.5ix i)4	[−5, 10]