Figure 1.

H₂O₂ induces the apoptosis of and mitochondrial dysfunction in the MC3T3-E1 cells. (a) Cell viability was determined by performing the MTT assay. Error bars indicate SD (n = 6). (b, c) Flow cytometry analysis of cell apoptosis. Error bars indicate SD (n = 6). (d, e) TUNEL assay was performed to determine the rate of cell apoptosis. H₂O₂ induced mitochondrial dysfunction in osteoblasts. Error bars indicate SD (n = 300); scale bars, 100 μm. (f, g) Representative images showing MitoSOX staining and quantification in the indicated groups; scale bar, 100 μm. (h, i) Representative images showing TMRM staining and quantification in the indicated groups. MT Green staining was performed to show the mitochondria; scale bar, 100 μm. (j) ATP levels were determined in the presence or absence of H₂O₂. (k–m) Representative images showing mitochondrial morphology, length, and density in the indicated groups. Error bars indicate SD (n = 3); scale bars, 10 μm. ^∗ p < 0.05 and ^∗∗ p < 0.0001, as determined by comparing selected pairs (each test was repeated three times).