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Scheme showing the interrelation between trigger conditions and LVDD via systemic IF (adapted after von Bibra et al. [52]). IL-6: interleukin-6; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C reactive protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NO: nitric oxide; MMP: matrix metalloproteinases; GF: growth factors; AT: angiotensin; ET: endothelin; TNF-β: tumor necrosis factor beta.
