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. 2019 Feb 11;123(6):929–949. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcy234

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Model of molecular regulation of excision-induced AR formation in the stem base of cuttings. In the stem base, starting from the outside, the different colours represent the epidermis, cortex, phloem, cambium, xylem and pith tissues. Black circles indicate cells where AR formation starts in the cambium as an example. Elliptic and dome-shaped structures in ochre colour indicate clusters of new meristematic cells and developing AR primordia, respectively. Arrows in different colours show the direction of actions. Blue arrows indicate specific effects of wounding, while the broken line represents mechanical effects as illustrated in Fig. 1. Green arrows indicate effects of cutting isolation. Red arrows indicate a self-organizing auxin loop. Plus vs. minus signs indicate increase vs. decrease of hormone concentrations, respectively. WR, EAR, CC and SNR indicate groups of genes controlling the wound response, early auxin response, cell cycle and sugar/nutrient response, respectively. Underlined characters mark those genes whose function in AR formation has been confirmed by mutation or overexpression. ABC, ATP-binding cassette; AP2/ERF, APETALA 2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR; ARF, AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR; AUX, AUXIN1; Aux/IAA, AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID; CKs, cytokinins; CYC, cyclins; ET, ethylene; GH3, GRETCHEN HAGEN3; GRAS, named after GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE, REPRESSOR OF GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE and SCARECROW; HXK, hexokinase; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid; INV, invertases; JA, jasmonic acid; LAX, like AUX; LBD, LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN; NAC, NAM–ATAF1/2–CUC2; NT, nutrients; PAT, polar auxin transport; PIN, PIN-FORMED; PINOID, PIN-targeting serine threonine protein kinase; PLT, PLETHORA; SAUR, SMALL AUXIN UP RNA; SLs, strigolactones; SnRK1, sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 1; TOR, target of rapamycin; TPL, TOPLESS; TPP, trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase; TPS, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase; WIND, WOUND INDUCED DEDIFFERENTIATION; WOX, WUSCHEL-related HOMEOBOX. Further explanations are provided in the text.