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. 2019 Mar 13;121(5):1748–1760. doi: 10.1152/jn.00817.2018

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8.

Results from optogenetic stimulation of midbrain dopamine neurons compared with model behavior. A and B: in Soares et al. (2016), mice were trained on a temporal discrimination task in which they had to judge intervals as either shorter or longer than 1.5 s, and psychometric functions were fit to the data (black curves in both panels). A: under optogenetic activation spanning the entire trial, the psychometric function shifted to the right (dark gray curve), consistent with a slower pacemaker. Insets show the average difference between the probability of selecting the long choice during activation trials vs. control trials per animal (top left) or per stimulus (bottom right). B: under optogenetic inhibition, the psychometric function shifted to the left (light gray curve), consistent with a faster pacemaker. Insets: same as in A, but for inhibition. A and B from Soares et al. Science 354: 1273–1277, 2016. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. C and D: our model recapitulates these effects. See methods for simulation details.