Fig. 9.

Results from optogenetic stimulation of basal ganglia output compared with model behavior. A, top: in Toda et al. (2017), mice were trained on a peak-interval licking task, and peak licking robustly reflected reward time. The nigrotectal pathway was optogenetically stimulated immediately after reward (left), immediately before reward (center), or 1 s before reward (right). Bottom: stimulation resulted in a shift in peak licking on the subsequent trial. The peak time occurred later when stimulation was delivered immediately after or immediately before reward (left and center), and it occurred earlier when stimulation was completed 1 s before reward (right). *P < 0.05. Reprinted from Toda et al. (2017) with permission from Elsevier. B: our model recapitulates these effects. See methods for simulation details.