Fig. 2.

Analysis of the control and carotid artery stenosis (CAS) patients’ sample utilizing Umetrics SIMCA Version 13 reveals differences. The top 15 important features of the metabolomics markers identified by the scores of variable importance in the projection (VIP) are listed. Blue square represents controls, and red square represents CAS patients. The color of the bar indicates that the group of individuals has relatively high concentration comparing to the other group. When VIP scores of the metabolites are greater than 1.0, these metabolites are considered significantly different. In the PLS-DA model, we search 5 components for classification, and the VIP values in component 5 for lactate 1.332, lipid 1.31, lactate 4.125, lipid 2.01, lipid 0.90, choline B3.205, and creatinine B4.045 are 2.3771, 2.2358, 1.4470, 1.4364, 1.1465, 1.0570, and 1.0274, respectively