Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics across all groups. The columns show descriptive statistics for all four groups and indicated statistics from ANOVAs conducted across the groups regarding the effects of Sex/Gender, Diagnosis and Sex/Gender*Diagnosis interaction.
| TD male (N = 33) |
Autistic male (N = 29) |
TD female (N = 29) |
Autistic female (N = 28) |
Sex/Gender |
Diagnosis |
Sex/Gender*Diagnosis |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | F-statistic (p-value) | F-statistic (p-value) | F-statistic (p-value) | |
| Age | 27.94 (6.08) | 26.59 (7.04) | 27.63 (6.40) | 28.19 (7.23) | 0.24 (0.62) | 0.12 (0.73) | 0.61 (0.44) |
| Age range (years) | 18–42 | 18–41 | 18–45 | 18–45 | – | – | – |
| VIQ | 110.79 (12.03) | 112.93 (15.56) | 119.45 (9.03) | 114.75 (12.29) | 5.55 (0.02) | 0.20 (0.66) | 2.24 (0.14) |
| VIQ range | 71–137 | 79–136 | 99–135 | 76–137 | – | – | – |
| PIQ | 118.52 (11.37) | 112.31 (16.90) | 116.52 (8.36) | 110.75 (17.35) | 0.49 (0.48) | 5.60 (0.02) | 0.007 (0.93) |
| PIQ range | 93–135 | 75–137 | 96–128 | 67–137 | – | – | – |
| FIQ | 116.27 (11.63) | 114.14 (16.42) | 120.45 (6.79) | 114.46 (13.56) | 1.02 (0.31) | 2.91 (0.09) | 0.70 (0.41) |
| FIQ range | 86–137 | 75–135 | 106–133 | 84–130 | – | – | – |
| ADI-R: Reciprocal-Social-Interaction | – | 18.07 (5.07) | – | 16.12 (4.75) | 2.16 (0.15) | – | – |
| ADI-R: Communication | – | 15.17 (4.24) | – | 12.65 (4.34) | 4.73 (0.03) | – | – |
| ADI-R: RRB | – | 5.97 (2.76) | – | 4.08 (1.79) | 8.85 (0.004) | – | – |
| ADOS: SA (updated algorithm) | – | 7.52 (4.63) | – | 3.71 (3.60) | 11.92 (0.001) | – | – |
| ADOS: SA + RRB (updated algorithm) | – | 9.55 (5.60) | – | 4.18 (3.80) | 17.82 (9.17e–5) | – | – |
| ADOS: Communication + Social Total (WPS-published algorithm) | – | 7.86 (4.60) | – | 3.93 (3.28) | 13.72 (4.93e–4) | – | – |
| AQ | 15.24 (6.89) | 32.59 (8.20) | 11.24 (4.41) | 39 (6.19) | 0.68 (0.41) | 342.89 (2.20e–16) | 18.55 (3.51e–5) |
| RMET correct score | 27.27 (3.69) | 21.66 (6.29) | 28.79 (2.38) | 22.43 (6.53) | 1.62 (0.21) | 42.40 (2.04e–9) | 0.17 (0.68) |
| Camouflaging Score | – | –0.17 (0.38) | – | 0.18 (0.33) | 13.91 (4.56e–4) | – | – |
| Mean FD | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.12 (0.10) | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.32 (0.57) | 1.79 (0.18) | 0.96 (0.33) |
| Mean DVARS | 12.46 (4.11) | 13.51 (4.99) | 14.58 (9.58) | 12.76 (3.70) | 0.45 (0.50) | 0.08 (0.78) | 1.69 (0.20) |
| Maximal DVARS | 39.33 (28.82) | 55.21 (44.42) | 57.98 (66.21) | 47.29 (27.69) | 0.53 (0.47) | 0.16 (0.69) | 2.67 (0.10) |
ANOVA: analysis of variance; TD: typically developing; SD: standard deviation; VIQ: verbal IQ; PIQ: performance IQ; FIQ: full-scale IQ; ADI-R: Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised; ADOS: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; WPS: Western Psychological Services; SA: social affect; RRB: restricted and repetitive behaviour; AQ: Autism Spectrum Quotient; RMET: Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test; FD: frame-wise displacement.