Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants who were included final analysis and ANOVA results (n = 72)
| FG (n = 25) | NFG (n = 25) | CG (n = 22) | P Value | MC | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD) | Years | 76.8 ± 5.4 | 76.5 ± 4.6 | 77.0 ± 3.5 | 0.926 | |
| Gender (male/female) | N | 7/18 | 5/20 | 6/16 | 0.773 | |
| Education (mean ± SD) | Years | 13.0 ± 2.2 | 11.6 ± 2.3 | 13.0 ± 2.4 | 0.444 | |
| TMIG index (mean ± SD) | Score (0‐13) | 11.7 ± 1.5 | 11.3 ± 1.3 | 11.6 ± 1.4 | 0.379 | |
| WHO‐5‐J (mean ± SD) | Score (0‐25) | 15.9 ± 5.1 | 16.9 ± 2.9 | 18.3 ± 2.8 | 0.137 | |
| MMSE‐J (mean ± SD) | Score (0‐30) | 28.2 ± 1.6 | 28.8 ± 1.0 | 28.3 ± 1.5 | 0.076 | |
| MoCA‐J (mean ± SD) | Score (0‐30) | 25.4 ± 2.7 | 25.6 ± 2.8 | 24.9 ± 3.0 | 0.036* | NFG > CG** |
Abbreviations: ANOVA, Analysis of variance; CG, Active control group; FG, Face‐to‐face group; MC, Multiple comparison; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination‐Japanese; MoCA‐J, Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N, Number of participants; NFG, Non‐face‐to‐face group; SD, Standard deviation; TMIG Index, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index; WHO‐5‐J, Japanese version of the World Health Organization‐Five Well‐Being Index.
Comparing the three groups:
*
P < .05.
Bonferroni method for multiple comparisons:
**
P < .016 NFG vs CG.