Table 2.
(A) Metabolic parameters and glycemic indices (baseline and 4 weeks, N = 14); (B) Metabolic parameters and glycemic indices (baseline through 12 months, N = 8)
| Variables | Baseline | 4 weeks | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| (A) | |||
| Descriptive parameters | |||
| Area under the curve of glucose (mmol/L)*min, mean (SD) | 1481 (310) | 1686 (574) | .14 |
| Area under the curve of insulin (pmol/L)*min, mean (SD) | 18 139 (10 572) | 19 068 (12 807) | .72 |
| Area under the curve of C‐peptide (pmol/L)*min, mean (SD) | 250 626 (98 304) | 285 949 (83 150) | .16 |
| Insulin resistance/sensitivity | |||
| Homeostatic model assessment – insulin resistance, mean (SD) | 2.23 (1.36) | 4.17 (3.46) | .03 |
| Oral glucose insulin sensitivity index mL/min per m2, mean (SD) | 390 (66) | 328 (85) | .01 |
| PREDIcted M mg kg−1 min−1, mean (SD) | 4.2 (2.0) | 3.5 (1.8) | .02 |
| Insulin secretion/beta‐cell function | |||
| Total insulin secretion nmol m−2, mean (SD) | 42.8 (18.3) | 47.2 (16.3) | .29 |
| Glucose sensitivity, pmol min−1 m−2 mM−1, mean (SD) | 28.6 (17.1) | 36.6 (23.5) | .06 |
| Insulinogenic index pmol/mmol, mean (SD) | 13.9 (11.6) | 20.6 (15.4) | .85 |
| Shape indices | |||
| Shape index of glucose mg/dL min−2, mean (IQR) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.02) | .12 |
| Shape index of insulin μU/mL min−2, mean (IQR) | 0.026 (0.02) | 0.023 (0.013) | .55 |
| Shape index of C‐peptide ng/mL min−2, mean (IQR) | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.002 (0.0009) | .80 |
| Variables | Baseline | 4 weeks | 12 months | P (baseline vs 4 weeks) | P (baseline vs 12 months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (B) | |||||
| Descriptive parameters | |||||
| Area under the curve of glucose (mmol/L)*min, mean (SD) | 1 539 (286) | 1 595 (516) | 1 519 (361) | .70 | .81 |
| Area under the curve of insulin (pmol/L)*min, mean (SD) | 20 667 (12 048) | 23 136 (14 681) | 13 015 (6 046) | .56 | .05 |
| Area under the curve of C‐peptide (pmol/L)*min, mean (SD) | 250 733 (79 008) | 310 871 (92 992) | 240 617 (74 454) | .03 | .70 |
| Insulin resistance/sensitivity | |||||
| Homeostatic model assessment – insulin resistance, mean (SD) | 2.60 (1.46) | 4.18 (2.80) | 2.47 (1.70) | .12 | .88 |
| Oral glucose insulin sensitivity index mL/min per m2, mean (SD) | 382 (56) | 319 (50) | 351 (64) | .01 | .04 |
| PREDIcted M mg kg−1 min−1, mean (SD) | 3.4 (1.1) | 3.0 (1.1) | 3.7 (1.4) | .19 | .61 |
| Insulin secretion/beta‐cell function | |||||
| Total insulin secretion nmol m−2, mean (SD) | 42.0 (15.0) | 49.4 (15.3) | 40.0 (11.0) | .08 | .65 |
| Glucose sensitivity, pmol min−1 m−2 mM−1, mean (SD) | 33.6 (18.8) | 41.9 (26.3) | 40.6 (22.0) | .21 | .14 |
| Insulinogenic index pmol/mmol, mean (SD) | 16.8 (14.1) | 25.5 (17.0) | 20.1 (24.4) | .97 | .76 |
| Shape indices | |||||
| Shape index of glucose mg/dL min−2, mean (IQR) | 0.051 (0.012) | 0.046 (0.022) | 0.044 (0.018) | .56 | .34 |
| Shape index of insulin μU/mL min−2, mean (IQR) | 0.032 (0.020) | 0.030 (0.011) | 0.024 (0.0179) | .74 | .37 |
| Shape index of C‐peptide ng/mL min−2, mean (IQR) | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.002 (0.001) | .63 | 1.0 |
P values in bold are <.05.
IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.