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. 2018 Dec 13;148(5):639–651. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14632

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© 2018 The Authors. Journal of Neurochemistry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society for Neurochemistry

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling in response to a danger signal. PAMPs and danger‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) bind TLR4 resulting in MyD88 adaptor protein recruitment. This leads to the assembly of an IRAK4/IRAK1/IRAK2/TRAF6 complex. The IRAK1/TRAF6 complex binds a secondary complex, TAB2/TAK1/TAB1. This allows TRAF6 to dislocate from IRAK1 and move into the cytoplasm of the cell, whereby it can lead to the activation of various transcription factors, and initiation of a pro‐inflammatory response. Endocytosed‐TLR4 bound to its respective ligand is able to signal via TRIF in order to transcribe interferon transcription factors.