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. 2019 Jan 11;221(4):2250–2260. doi: 10.1111/nph.15558

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© 2018 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2018 New Phytologist Trust

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Final structural equation models illustrating direct and indirect effects of tree species richness (Rich) and host dilution (HD) on chewing damage (Chew) and leaf miner abundance (Mine). Standardized path coefficients are indicated near the arrows and the thickness of the arrows corresponds to the magnitude of these coefficients. Significant positive and negative relationships between nodes are shown in blue and red, respectively. Nonsignificant relationships are in grey with italicised coefficients. ADF, acid detergent fibre; LA, leaf area, Lgn, lignin; C, carbon content.