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. 2019 Jun 10;2019:9042526. doi: 10.1155/2019/9042526

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Copyright © 2019 Layla Aparecida Chisté et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Chronic normal (GSD) but not zero (Z-GSD) guarana soft drink intake increases liver and stomach damage. (a) GSD intake augments advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and (b) lipid deposition in liver, illustrated through representative images in the top panel. (c) Similarly, GSD increases AOPP formation in the stomach. (d) Only the GSD group developed atrophy and degeneration in gastric glands. The values are presented as the mean ± SEM for n = 4 − 6 animals per group. ^∗p < 0.05 vs. the control group and ^#p < 0.05 vs. the GSD group.