Figure 2.

Effects of isoforskolin (ISOF) on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α and interleukin (IL)–1β protein levels in supernatants of mononuclear leukocytes (MLs). (a) Effect of ISOF and other control drugs pre‐treatment on TNF‐α protein expression in MLs supernatant. (b) Effect of ISOF and other control drugs pre‐treatment on IL‐1β protein expression in ML supernatant. TNF‐α and IL‐1β (6 hr after LPS challenge) production in the MLs supernatants were evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method, respectively. In control group, MLs were only given solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide volume concentration was 1/1,000) without lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS, ISOF, forskolin (FSK), RF, and DM groups were given pretreatment with DMSO, ISOF (1.0 μM), FSK (0.5 μM), RF (0.5 μM), DM (25 μM), respectively for 0.5 h, and then each group was given treatment with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 6 hr. One‐way analysis of variance followed by SNK was used to process the data of TNF‐α and IL‐1β. ^* p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and^*** p < 0.001, compared with LPS group. Data are means ± SEM; 𝑛 = 5 independent experiments with independent volunteer