Table 2.

Weighted Percentages and Adjusted Odds Ratios for Propensity to Seek Care among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries. Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, 2012.

	Total	Low Propensity to Seek Care
	N = 11,270	Yes	No	X2, p-value	AOR [95% CI]	Sig.
Predisposing factors
Gender				.150
Female	55.8	9.0	91.0		1.04 [0.88, 1.22]
Male	44.2	8.2	91.8		Ref.
Age group				.004
65–69 yrs.	28.9	10.1	89.9		Ref.
70–74 yrs.	25.6	8.6	91.4		0.87 [0.70, 1.08]
75–79 yrs.	18.8	8.1	91.9		0.76 [0.60, 0.95]	*
>80 yrs.	26.6	7.4	92.6		0.68 [0.55, 0.84]	***
Race/Ethnicity				<.001
Non-Hispanic White	78.0	7.7	92.3		Ref.
Non-Hispanic African American	7.8	12.1	87.9		1.24 [0.98, 1.58]
Other race†	14.1	11.8	88.2		1.27 [0.98, 1.64]
Education				<.001
< High school	20.7	11.5	88.5		Ref.
High school	34.4	8.9	91.1		1.10 [0.90, 1.34]
≥ College	45.0	7.2	92.8		0.96 [0.78, 1.18]
Currently employed				.085
Yes	15.5	7.3	92.7		1.02 [0.79, 1.31]
No	84.5	8.9	91.1		Ref.
Smoking status				<.001
Current smoker	9. 8	12.3	87.7		Ref.
Past smoker	48.3	8.5	91.5		0.83 [0.65, 1.07]
Never smoked	42.0	7.9	92.1		0.72 [0.56, 0.94]	*
Enabling factors
Annual personal income				<.001
<20k	28.3	13.2	86.8		Ref.
20–30k	20.0	8.8	91.2		0.75 [0.60, 0.94]	*
30–50k	22.2	6.6	93.4		0.60 [0.47, 0.75]	***
>50k	25.0	5.9	94.1		0.59 [0.44, 0.77]	***
Missing	4.5	5.5	94.5
HMO enrollment				.847
Yes	34.2	8.6	91.4		0.89 [0.75, 1.06]
No	65.8	8.7	91.3		Ref.
Medicaid insurance				<.001
Yes	12.5	14.9	85.1
No	87.5	7.8	92.2
Private insurance				<.001
Yes	53.4	7.1	92.9		0.87 [0.72, 1.07]
No	46.6	10.4	89.6		Ref.
Marital status				<.001
Married	56.8	7. 7	92.3		Ref.
Not marriedα	43.2	9.9	90.1		0.98 [0.81, 1.19]
Lives alone				.552
Yes	28.5	8. 9	91.1
No	71.5	8.5	91.5
External environment
Metropolitan area				.754
Yes	77.4	8.6	91.4		1.05 [0.82, 1.34]
No	22.6	8.9	91.1		Ref.
Geographic region				.040
Northeast	18.0	7. 9	92.1		Ref.
Midwest	22.7	8.5	91.5		1.13 [0.87, 1.46]
South	37.8	9.8	90.2		1.17 [0.93, 1.48]
West	21.5	7.5	92.5		0.93 [0.68, 1.26]
Access to care
Usual source of care				.004
Yes	96.1	8.5	91.5		Ref.	***
No	3.9	12.8	87.2		1.90 [1.33, 2.71]
Trouble getting needed care				<.001
Yes	3.8	30.6	69.4		-
No	96.2	7.8	92.2
Need factors
Multimorbidity				<.001
No PI/MI	12.9	5. 1	94.9		Ref.
1PI/1MI	49.7	9.3	90.7		1.42 [1.02, 1.97]	***
MM-PI	26.4	6.1	93.9		2.02 [1.47, 2.76]	***
MM-PI&MI	11.0	15.8	84.2		3.17 [2.25, 4.46]	***
General health status				<.001	-
Excellent/Very good	52.5	5. 6	94.4
Good	28.8	8.8	91.2
Fair/Poor	18.7	16.6	83.4
Worry about health				<.001
Yes	17.0	14.5	85.5		1.54 [1.29, 1.83]	***
No	83.0	7.3	92.7		Ref.
Functional status				<.001	-
None	67.6	5.8	94.2
1–2 ADL	22.9	13.1	86.9
3–6 ADL	9.6	17.8	82.2
Body mass index				.002	-
Underweight/Normal	33.7	7. 4	92.6
Overweight	36.8	8.5	91.5
Obese/Morbid obese	26.3	10.3	89.7
Missing	3.2	10.1	89.9

Notes. AOR = Adjusted odds ratio of agreeing with the survey item after adjusting for gender, age, race, education, employment status, smoking status, income, health maintenance organization enrollment, private insurance, marital status, metropolitan area, region, usual source of care, multimorbidity, and worry about personal health. Low propensity to seek care: Those who responded ‘yes’ to the question: “During this year, did you have any health problem or condition about which you think you should have seen a doctor or other medical person, but did not?” Multimorbidity categories: 1) No PI/MI = no chronic condition; 2) 1PI/1MI = single physical or mental condition; 3) MM-PI = two or more physical conditions but no mental condition; 4) MM-PI&MI = both chronic physical and mental conditions.

ADL = activities of daily living; HMO = health maintenance organization; Ref. = reference group; Sig. = statistical significance.

^†Hispanic/Latino, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, American Indian or Alaska Native, more than one, or others;

^αWidowed/Divorced/Separated/Never married; X² = Chi-square test.

^***p < .001.

^**p < .01.

^*p < .05.