Table 3. Association of elevated placental cytokines and birth outcomes (n = 361).
| Placental cytokine | LBW | SGA | Preterm birth | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) |
P-value | n (%) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) |
P-value | n (%) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) |
P-value | |
| Pro-inflammatory | |||||||||
| IFN-γ | 2 (9%) | 0.53 (0.14, 2.01) |
0.35 | 5 (22%) | 0.86 (0.39, 1.89) |
0.70 | 1 (4%) | 0.43 (0.06, 3.02) |
0.40 |
| IL-2 | 1 (15%) | 1.55 (0.24, 10.2) |
0.64 | 3 (43%) | 2.07 (0.83, 5.17) |
0.12 | 0 (0%) | NA | NA |
| IL-12 | 2 (15%) | NA | NA | 4 (31%) | 1.14 (0.42, 3.07) |
0.80 | 1 (8%) | NA | NA |
| TNF | 5 (20%) | 1.63 (0.71, 3.75) |
0.25 | 8 (32%) | 1.41 (0.78, 2.57) |
0.26 | 2 (8%) | 0.92 (0.23, 3.64) |
0.90 |
| sTNFRI | 6 (17%) | 1.23 (0.57, 2.64) |
0.60 | 9 (26%) | 1.12 (0.61, 2.03) |
0.72 | 5 (14%) | 1.67 (0.69, 4.02) |
0.26 |
| sTNFRII | 7 (27%) | 1.72 (0.87, 3.40) |
0.12 | 6 (23%) | 0.96 (0.47, 1.99) |
0.92 | 3 (12%) | 1.22 (0.40, 3.75) |
0.73 |
| IL-1 | 3 (11%) | 0.70 (0.24, 2.07) |
0.52 | 5 (19%) | 0.74 (0.33, 1.66) |
0.47 | 2 (7%) | 0.72 (0.18, 2.87) |
0.64 |
| IL-6 | 2 (4%) | 0.57 (0.15, 2.20) |
0.42 | 7 (27%) | 1.21 (0.62, 2.34) |
0.58 | 1 (4%) | 0.41 (0.06, 2.91) |
0.37 |
| CXCL8 | 3 (13%) | 1.15 (0.38, 3.44) |
0.80 | 4 (17%) | 0.76 (0.30, 1.90) |
0.56 | 1 (4%) | 0.47 (0.07, 3.34) |
0.45 |
| Anti-inflammatory | |||||||||
| IL-4 | 3 (14%) | 0.91 (0.31, 2.63) |
0.86 | 6 (29%) | 1.16 (0.58, 2.33) |
0.67 | 1 (5%) | 0.48 (0.07, 3.36) |
0.46 |
| IL-5 | 6 (22%) | 1.53 (0.73, 3.20) |
0.26 | 7 (26%) | 1.08 (0.55, 2.09) |
0.83 | 6 (22%) | 2.85 (1.27, 6.42) |
0.01 |
| CXCL9 | 3 (18%) | NA | NA | 3 (18%) | 0.78 (0.27, 2.26) |
0.65 | 2 (12%) | 1.29 (0.33, 5.05) |
0.71 |
| IL-10 | 4 (15%) | 1.09 (0.43, 2.75) |
0.86 | 9 (33%) | 1.42 (0.81, 2.49) |
0.22 | 3 (11%) | 1.26 (0.41, 3.88) |
0.68 |
| IL-13 | 3 (10%) | NA | NA | 10 (34%) | 1.54 (0.90, 2.62) |
0.11 | 0 (0%) | NA | NA |
n (%) represents the number of participants with LBW, SGA or preterm birth among the exposed (with elevated cytokine levels). Each log-binomial (or log-poisson) regression model was adjusted for praziquantel treatment, socioeconomic status, fetal sex, maternal age, parity, underweight, gestational age at birth, infection with any of T. trichuria, A. lumbricoides and hookworm at 12 weeks’ gestation, smoking and alcohol consumption. NA, not applicable.