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. 2019 Apr 21;11(4):e4514. doi: 10.7759/cureus.4514

Table 1. Patient characteristics by ICU LOS.

ICU LOS, intensive care unit length of stay; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EVAR, endovascular aneurysm repair; EVAR AORTO-UNILIAC/AORTO-UNIFEM PROSTH, EVAR with aorto-uniiliac/aorto-unifemoral prosthesis; EVAR W/AORTO-AORTIC TUBE PROSTH, EVAR with aorto-aortic tube prosthesis; EVAR W/MDLR BFRC PROSTHE 1 LIMB, EVAR with modular bifurcated prosthesis with one docking limb; EVAR W/MDLR BFRC PROSTH 2 LIMBS, EVAR with modular bifurcated prosthesis with two docking limbs; EVAR W/UNIBDY BFRC PROSTH, EVAR with unibody bifurcated prosthesis; PLMT XTN PROSTH EVAR/DSJ 1st VSL, placement of extension prosthesis for endovascular repair of infrarenal abdominal aortic or iliac aneurysm, initial vessel; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; SSI, surgical site infection; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; DVT, deep vein thrombosis

Variable Total (N = 2468) Group 1 ICU LOS <1 day (N = 1535) Group 2 ICU LOS ≥1 day (N = 933) OR (95% CI)* P-value*
Preoperative factors:
Age (years)
     <60   138 (5.6)     76 (55.1)     62 (44.9)     Reference   0.166
     60-69 638 (25.9) 388 (60.8) 250 (39.2) 0.79 (0.55, 1.15)
     70-79 1001 (40.5) 642 (64.1) 359 (35.9) 0.69 (0.48, 0.98)
     ≥80 691 (28) 429 (62.1) 262 (37.9) 0.75 (0.52, 1.08)
Sex
     Female   461 (18.7)   266 (57.7)   195 (42.3)   1.26 (1.03, 1.55) 0.028
     Male 2007 (81.3) 1269 (63.2) 738 (36.8) Reference
Race
     Hispanic   40 (2.0)   11 (27.5)   29 (72.5)   3.93 (1.95, 7.92) <0.001
     Non-Hispanic Black 133 (6.6) 64 (48.1) 69 (51.9) 1.61 (1.13, 2.29)
     Non-Hispanic Other 31 (1.5) 14 (45.2) 17 (54.8) 1.81 (0.89, 3.70)
     Non-Hispanic White 1821 (89.9) 1090 (59.9) 731 (40.1) Reference
BMI (kg/m^2)
     <25 (normal)   655 (27.5)   374 (57.1)   281 (42.9)     Reference 0.004
     25-<30 (overweight) 930 (39.0) 605 (65.0) 325 (35.0) 0.72 (0.58, 0.88)
     >30 (obese) 798 (33.5) 505 (63.3) 293 (36.7) 0.77 (0.63, 0.95)
Ruptured indication for surgery
     Ruptured   188 (7.7)     31 (16.5)     157 (83.5)     9.86 (6.65, 14.64) <0.001  
     Non-ruptured 2255 (92.3) 1490 (66.1) 765 (33.9) Reference  
Transferred
     Yes   311 (12.6)     95 (30.6)     216 (69.4)     4.57 (3.54, 5.91)   <0.001
     No 2156 (87.4) 1440 (66.8) 716 (33.2) Reference
Elective surgery
     Yes 1874 (76.0) 1331 (71.0) 543 (29.0) Reference <0.001
     No 593 (24.0) 203 (34.2) 390 (65.8) 4.71 (3.87, 5.73)
Diabetes (with oral agents or insulin)
     No 2080 (84.3) 1308 (62.9) 772 (37.1) Reference 0.081
     Non-insulin dependent 304 (12.3) 184 (60.5) 120 (39.5) 1.11 (0.86, 1.41)
     Insulin dependent 84 (3.4) 43 (51.2) 41 (48.8) 1.62 (1.04, 2.50)
Current smoker within one year
     Yes 827 (33.5) 495 (59.8) 332 (40.2) 1.16 (0.98, 1.38) 0.089
     No 1641 (66.5) 1040 (63.4) 601 (36.6) Reference
Dyspnea
     Yes 378 (15.3) 222 (58.7) 156 (41.3) 1.19 (0.95, 1.48) 0.131
     No 2090 (84.7) 1313 (62.8) 777 (37.2) Reference
Dependent functional health status prior to surgery
     Yes 76 (3.1) 31 (40.8) 45 (59.2) 2.48 (1.56, 3.94) <0.001
     No 2384 (96.9) 1503 (63.0) 881 (37.0) Reference
History of severe COPD
     Yes 471 (19.1) 251 (53.3) 220 (46.7) 1.58 (1.29, 1.93) <0.001
     No 1997 (80.9) 1284 (64.3) 713 (35.7) Reference
Congestive heart failure in 30 days prior to surgery
     Yes 56 (2.3) 18 (32.1) 38 (67.9) 3.58 (2.03, 6.31) <0.001
     No 2412 (97.7) 1517 (62.9) 895 (37.1) Reference
Hypertension requiring medication
     Yes 1959 (79.4) 1196 (61.0) 763 (39.0) 1.27 (1.04, 1.56) 0.022
     No 509 (20.6) 339 (66.6) 170 (33.4) Reference
Currently on dialysis (pre-op)
     Yes 43 (1.7) 22 (51.2) 21 (48.8) 1.58 (0.87, 2.90) 0.136
     No 2425 (98.3) 1513 (62.4) 912 (37.6) Reference
Steroid use for chronic condition    
     Yes   94 (3.8)   54 (57.4)     40 (42.6)     1.23 (0.81, 1.87)   0.334
     No 2374 (96.2) 1481 (62.4) 893 (37.6) Reference
Preoperative transfusion
     Yes 70 (2.8) 12 (17.1) 58 (82.9) 8.41 (4.49, 15.75) <0.001
     No 2398 (97.2) 1523 (63.5) 875 (36.5) Reference
Systemic sepsis
     Yes 93 (3.8) 20 (21.5) 73 (78.5) 6.43 (3.89, 10.62) <0.001
     No 2375 (96.2) 1515 (63.8) 860 (36.2) Reference
Wound classification
     Clean 2447 (99.1) 1529 (62.5) 918 (37.5) 0.24 (0.09, 0.62) 0.003
     Not clean 21 (0.9) 6 (28.6) 15 (71.4) Reference
Intra-operative factors:
Prior abdominal aortic surgery
     Yes 659 (29.7) 396 (60.1) 263 (39.9) 1.17 (0.97, 1.41) 0.102
     No 1562 (70.3) 996 (63.8) 566 (36.2) Reference
Surgeon’s specialty
     Vascular 2400 (97.2) 1504 (62.7) 896 (37.3) Reference 0.005
     Non-vascular 68 (2.8) 31 (45.6) 37 (54.4) 2.00 (1.23, 3.25)
Principal operative procedure
     EVAR AORTO-UNILIAC/AORTO-UNIFEM PROSTH   105 (4.3)       58 (55.2)       47 (44.8)       1.35 (0.90, 2.02)     <0.001
     EVAR W/AORTO-AORTIC TUBE PROSTH 134 (5.4)   58 (43.3)   76 (56.7)   2.19 (1.52, 3.14)  
     EVAR W/MDLR BFRC PROSTH 1 LIMB 1091 (44.2) 682 (62.5)   409 (37.5)   Reference  
     EVAR W/MDLR BFRC PROSTH 2 LIMBS 793 (32.1)   549 (69.2)   244 (30.8)   0.74 (0.61, 0.90)  
     EVAR W/UNIBDY BFRC PROSTH 198 (8.0)   106 (53.5)   92 (46.5)   1.45 (1.07, 1.96)  
     PLMT XTN PROSTH EVAR/DSJ 1ST VSL 147 (6.0) 82 (55.8) 65 (44.2) 1.32 (0.93, 1.87)
Principal anesthesia technique
     General 2204 (89.4) 1362 (61.8) 842 (38.2) 1.18 (0.90, 1.55) 0.225
     Non- general 262 (10.6) 172 (65.6) 90 (34.4) Reference
ASA classification
     1-2, no disturbance-mild disturbance 92 (3.7) 75 (81.5)   17 (18.5) Reference   <0.001
     3, severe disturbance 1443 (58.7) 1008 (69.9)   435 (30.1)   1.90 (1.11, 3.26)  
     4-5, life-threatening-moribund 924 (37.6) 448 (48.5) 476 (51.5) 4.69 (2.73, 8.06)  
Rupture of aneurysm
     Yes 10 (0.4) 1 (10.0) 9 (90.0) 14.91 (1.89, 117.67) 0.010
     No 2458 (99.6) 1534 (62.4) 924 (37.6) Reference
Aneurysm diameter (cm)
     ≤5.0   576 (24.6)   356 (61.8)     220 (38.2)     Reference <0.001
     5.0-5.5 667 (28.5) 479 (71.8) 188 (28.2) 0.64 (0.50, 0.81)
     5.5-6.0 455 (19.4) 309 (67.9) 146 (32.1) 0.77 (0.59, 0.99)
     >6.0 643 (27.5) 334 (51.9) 309 (48.1) 1.50 (1.19, 1.88)
Proximal aneurysm extent
     Infrarenal 2074 (89.6) 1359 (65.5) 715 (34.5) Reference <0.001
     Others (Juxta-, para-, supra-renal, type IV thoracoabdominal aneurysm) 241 (10.4) 99 (41.1) 142 (58.9) 2.73 (2.08, 3.58)
Distal extent
     Aortic 903 (47.3) 645 (71.4) 258 (28.6) Reference <0.001
     Common iliac 690 (36.2) 442 (64.1) 248 (35.9) 1.40 (1.13, 1.73)
     External iliac 129 (6.7) 69 (53.5) 60 (46.5) 2.17 (1.49, 3.16)
     Internal iliac 186 (9.8) 95 (51.1) 91 (48.9) 2.40 (1.74, 3.30)
Access vessels (conduit, repair)
     Yes 102 (4.1) 44 (43.1) 58 (56.9) 2.25 (1.51, 3.35) <0.001
     No 2366 (95.9) 1491 (63.0) 857 (37) Reference
Access
     Attempted percutaneous access converted to open cutdown 22 (0.9)   13 (59.1)   9 (40.9)   1.40 (0.59, 3.30)   <0.001
     Bilateral groin cutdown 1028 (42.0) 593 (57.7) 435 (42.3) 1.48 (1.25, 1.76)
     One groin cutdown 231 (9.4) 141 (61.0) 90 (39.0) 1.29 (0.96, 1.73)
     Percutaneous bilateral 1169 (47.7) 782 (66.9) 387 (33.1) Reference
Main body device
     Cook Zenith Fenestrated 74 (3.1) 33 (44.6) 41 (55.4) Reference 0.001
     Regular EVARs 2350 (96.9) 1486 (63.2) 864 (36.8) 0.47 (0.29, 0.75)
Iliac branched device
     Yes 357 (14.5) 199 (55.7) 158 (44.3) 1.37 (1.09, 1.72) 0.007
     No 2111 (85.5) 1336 (63.3) 775 (36.7) Reference
Aortic (bare metal) stent
     Yes 168 (6.8) 80 (47.6) 88 (52.4) 1.89 (1.38, 2.59) <0.001
     No 2300 (93.2) 1455 (63.3) 845(36.7) Reference
Renal stent
     Yes 188 (7.6) 66 (35.1) 122 (64.9) 3.35 (2.45, 4.57) <0.001
     No 2280 (92.4) 1469 (64.4) 811 (35.6) Reference
Hypogastric embolization
     Yes 175 (7.1) 100 (57.1) 75 (42.9) 1.25 (0.92, 1.71) 0.153
     No 2293 (92.9) 1435 (62.6) 858 (37.4) Reference
Hypogastric revascularization
     Yes 154 (6.2) 55 (36.2) 97 (63.8) 3.12 (2.22, 4.39) <0.001
     No 2316 (93.8) 1480 (63.9) 836 (36.1) Reference
Lower extremity revascularization
     Yes 113 (4.6) 52 (46.0) 61 (54.0) 2.00 (1.37, 2.92) <0.001
     No 2355 (95.4) 1483 (63.0) 872 (37.0) Reference
Ischemic colitis
     Yes 26 (1.1) 1 (3.9) 25 (96.1) 42.11 (5.71, 310.39) <0.001
     No 2442 (98.9) 1534 (62.8) 908 (37.2) Reference
Lower extremity ischemia
     Yes 41 (1.7) 18 (43.9) 23 (56.1) 2.13 (1.14, 3.97) 0.017
     No 2427 (98.3) 1517 (62.5) 910 (37.5) Reference
Total operation time (minutes)
     <90 651 (26.4) 471 (72.3) 180 (27.7) Reference <0.001
     90-120 629 (25.5) 431 (68.5) 198 (31.5) 1.20 (0.95, 1.53)
     120-180 713 (28.8) 442 (62.0) 271 (38.0) 1.60 (1.28, 2.02)
     ≥180 475 (19.3) 191 (40.2) 284 (59.8) 3.89 (3.03, 5.00)
Postoperative factors:
Discharge destination
     Expired 63 (2.6) 12 (19.1) 51 (80.9) 8.33 (4.42, 15.72) <0.001
     Home 2173 (88.1) 1439 (66.2) 734 (33.8) Reference
     Other 228 (9.3) 83 (36.4) 145 (63.6) 3.43 (2.58, 4.55)
Open wound/wound infection
     Yes 31 (1.3) 14 (45.2) 17 (54.8) 2.02 (0.99, 4.11) 0.054
     No 2437 (98.7) 1521 (62.4) 916 (37.6) Reference
Superficial surgical site occurrence
     Superficial surgical incisional SSI 26 (1.1) 14 (53.8) 12 (46.2) 1.42 (0.65, 3.07) 0.380
     No Complication 2442 (98.9) 1521 (62.3) 921 (37.7) Reference
Deep incisional SSI
     Deep incisional SSI 8 (0.3) 1 (12.5) 7 (87.5) 11.59 (1.42, 94.32) 0.022
     No complication 2460 (99.7) 1534 (62.4) 926 (37.6) Reference
Wound disruption
     Wound disruption 3 (0.1) 1 (33.3) 2 (66.7) 3.30 (0.30, 36.38) 0.331
     No complication 2465 (99.9) 1534 (62.2) 931 (37.8) Reference
Pneumonia
     Pneumonia 44 (1.8) 4 (9.1) 40 (90.9) 17.14 (6.11, 48.08) <0.001
     No complication 2424 (98.2) 1531 (63.2) 893 (36.8) Reference
Pulmonary embolism
     Pulmonary embolism 8 (0.3) 1 (12.5) 7 (87.5) 11.59 (1.42, 94.32) 0.022
     No complication 2460 (99.7) 1534 (62.4) 926 (37.6) Reference
Urinary tract infection
     Urinary tract infection 24 (1.0) 11 (45.8) 13 (54.2) 1.96 (0.87, 4.39) 0.103-
     No complication 2444 (99.0) 1524 (62.4) 920 (37.6) Reference
Acute renal failure
     Acute renal failure 24 (1.0) 1 (4.2) 23 (95.8) 38.69 (5.23, 286.45) <0.001
     No complication 2444 (99.0) 1534 (62.8) 910 (37.2) Reference
CVA/stroke with neurological deficit
     CVA/stroke 11 (0.5) 2 (18.2) 9 (81.8) 7.47 (1.61, 34.63) 0.010
     No complication 2457 (99.5) 1533 (62.4) 924 (37.6) Reference
Cardiac arrest requiring CPR
     Cardiac arrest requiring CPR 39 (1.6) 11 (28.2) 28 (71.8) 4.29 (2.12, 8.65) <0.001
     No complication 2429(98.4) 1524 (62.7) 905 (37.3) Reference
Myocardial infarction
     Myocardial infarction 40 (1.6) 6 (15.0) 34 (85.0) 9.64 (4.03, 23.04) <0.001
     No complication 2428 (98.4) 1529 (63.0) 899 (37.0) Reference
Bleeding transfusion
     Transfusion intraoperative/postoperative 309 (12.5) 59 (19.1) 250 (80.9) 9.16 (6.80, 12.33) <0.001
     No complication 2159 (87.5) 1476 (68.4) 683 (31.6) Reference
DVT/thrombophlebitis
     DVT requiring therapy 14 (0.6) 2 (14.3) 12 (85.7) 9.99 (2.23, 44.71) 0.003
     No complication 2454 (99.4) 1533 (62.5) 921 (37.5) Reference
Sepsis
     Sepsis 14 (0.6) 4 (28.6) 10 (71.4) 4.15 (1.30, 13.26) 0.017
     No complication 2454 (99.4) 1531 (62.4) 923 (37.6) Reference
Return to operation room
     Yes 128 (5.2) 46 (35.9) 82 (64.1) 3.12 (2.15, 4.52) <0.001
     No 2340 (94.8) 1489 (63.6) 851 (36.4) Reference
Unplanned readmission
     Yes 188 (7.6) 82 (43.6) 106 (56.4) 2.27 (1.68, 3.07) <0.001
     No 2280 (92.4) 1453 (63.7) 827 (36.3) Reference
* All odds ratios and p-values are from binomial logistic regression modeling ICU LOS ≥1, exact logistic regression used as needed.  When an association is significant (p-value), odds ratios with 95% confidence limits not including 1 are considered significant.
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