Table 2.
Multilevel linear regression of socio-demographic status and BMI among US adults (≥ 18 years) (N = 159,827).
| Model I | Model II | Model III | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef | (SE) | Coef | (SE) | Coef | (SE) | ||
| Fixed effect (individual level) | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Intercept | 28.147*** | (0.071) | 27.105*** | (0.103) | 27.058*** | (0.118) | |
|
| |||||||
| Gender | Male | 0.600*** | (0.033) | 0.592*** | (0.040) | ||
| Female (Ref) | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Age (y) | ≥ 45 | 0.721*** | (0.037) | 0.709*** | (0.052) | ||
| 18–44 (Ref) | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Education level | ≥ College | −0.790*** | (0.036) | −0.743*** | (0.049) | ||
| < College (Ref) | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Race | Non-White or Hispanic | 1.067*** | (0.043) | 1.008*** | (0.079) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White (Ref) | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Income level | ≥ $50,000 | −0.295*** | (0.037) | −0.292*** | (0.039) | ||
| < $50,000 (Ref) | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Region | Northeast | −0.359* | (0.166) | −0.293 | (0.195) | ||
| Midwest | 0.432** | (0.142) | 0.504** | (0.165) | |||
| West | −0.657*** | (0.160) | −0.576** | (0.187) | |||
| Puerto Rico | −1.468* | (0.618) | −1.227 | (0.927) | |||
| South (Ref) | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Physical activity | No | 1.800*** | (0.040) | 1.800*** | (0.040) | ||
| Yes (Ref) | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Fruit consumption | ≤ 1 per mo | 0.427*** | (0.036) | 0.422*** | (0.036) | ||
| ≥ 1 per wk (Ref) | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Random effect (Between MMSAs) | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Intercept | 0.774*** | (0.053) | 0.596*** | (0.043) | 0.653*** | (0.053) | |
|
| |||||||
| Slopes for gender | 0.192*** | (0.052) | |||||
|
| |||||||
| Slopes for age | 0.350*** | (0.046) | |||||
|
| |||||||
| Slopes for education level | 0.324*** | (0.052) | |||||
|
| |||||||
| Slopes for race | 0.654*** | (0.073) | |||||
|
| |||||||
| Slopes for income level | 0.106*** | (0.078) | |||||
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01
***
p < 0.001
BMI = body mass index; MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.