. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Tob Regul Sci. 2019 Jan;5(1):3–14. doi: 10.18001/TRS.5.1.1

Table 3.

Comparisons of Overall Ratings of Graphic Warning Labels by Sex

	Unadjusted Mean (SD)			Adjusted Mean¹
	Total	Women	Men	Adjusted Mean difference (95%CI) (Women vs. Men)	p-value
Credibility	3.02 (0.76)	3.13 (0.71)	2.93 (0.78)	0.22 (0.12, 0.33)	<.001
Motivation to quit	2.55 (1.01)	2.63 (0.97)	2.46 (1.03)	0.21 (0.06, 0.35)	.007
Message reactance	1.95 (0.88)	1.89 (0.88)	2.01 (0.88)	−0.06 (−0.18, 0.07)	.359
Negative emotions	2.52 (0.93)	2.70 (0.90)	2.34 (0.93)	0.38 (0.25, 0.52)	<.001

Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, primary drug use and controlling for nesting of participants within clinics.