Table 5.

Exploratory outcome: prospective assessment of disease complications

	n	Any disease-related complication	Symptoms of active IBD	Objective inflammation (calprotectin, endoscopy, imaging)	Steroid course for IBD	Change of IBD maintenance medication	Need for surgery/hospital admission
All IBD
Cigarette smokers	69	32 (46%)	31 (45%)	29 (42%)	8 (12%)	15 (22%)	14 (20%)
E-cigarette users	11	4 (36%)	4 (36%)	3 (27%)	3 (27%)	3 (27%)	1 (9%)
P value		0.74
CD
Cigarette smokers	53	28 (53%)	27 (51%)	26 (49%)	5 (9%)	14 (26%)	12 (23%)
E-cigarette users	6	1 (17%)	1 (17%)	1 (17%)	0	0	1 (17%)
P value		0.19
UC
Cigarette smokers	16	4 (25%)	4 (25%)	3 (19%)	3 (19%)	1 (6%)	2 (12%)
E-cigarette users	5	3 (60%)	3 (60%)	2 (40%)	3 (60%)	3 (60%)	0
P value		0.28

CD, Crohn’s disease; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; UC, ulcerative colitis.