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Mechanisms whereby MBG has been implicated increasing cardiovascular risk. Ca+, calcium; Fli-1, friend leukemia integration factor-1; K+, potassium; LVM, left ventricular mass; MBG, marinobufagenin; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; Na+, sodium; PKC, protein kinase C; PLC, phospholipase C; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; P, phosphorylated form of the protein
