Figure 3.

The proportion of interleukin (IL)‐35⁺ regulatory T cells (T_reg) is decreased, but proportions of regulatory B cells (B_reg) and IL‐35‐producing B_reg cells and tolerogenic antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) are increased in latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in the adult (LADA) patients. Proportions of (a) IL‐35⁺ cells among CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^–forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)⁺ T_reg cells, (b) IL‐35⁺ cells among CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^–FoxP3⁺Helios⁺ thymic‐derived T_regs (tT_regs), (c) CD19⁺CD24⁺CD38⁺CD40⁺ B_reg cells in total live cells, (d) IL‐35⁺ cells among CD19⁺CD24⁺CD40⁺CD38⁺ B_reg cells and (e) IL‐35⁺ cells among CD11c⁺CD123^–human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐DR⁺Lin^– APCs. The proportions of these cells were determined using a flow cytometer. (f) IL‐35 plasma concentrations were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HC = healthy controls. One‐way analysis of variance (anova) with Dunnett’s post‐hoc test comparison to patients with LADA was used, n = 13–16/group. *P < 0·05; **P < 0·01; ***P < 0·001.