Table 1.
Characteristics of the research subjects; patients were matched for age, sex and BMI
| Controls (n = 13) | T1D (n = 16) | LADA (n = 14) | T2D (n = 16) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61·6 ± 2·9 | 66·0 ± 1·4 | 65·7 ± 2·4 | 64·0 ± 2·0 |
| Sex (M%/F%) | 62%/38% | 73%/27% | 57%/43% | 70%/30% |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28·9 ± 4·0 | 26·5 ± 0·7 | 27·9 ± 0·5 | 29·1 ± 1·0 |
| Age at onset | n.a. | 19·7 ± 1·8 | 63·6 ± 1·5b | 60·0 ± 2·0b |
| Disease duration | n.a. | 46·1 ± 2·2 | 4·9 ± 0·3b | 5·3 ± 0·3a, b |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 35·8 ± 0·7 | 58·9 ± 3·2a | 45·8 ± 2·3b | 52·27 ± 4·0a |
| fC‐peptide (nmol/l) | 1·10 ± 0·11 | 0·22 ± 0·13a | 0·95 ± 0·14b | 1·30 ± 0·12b, c |
| fp‐glucose (mmol/l) | 5·9 ± 0·1 | 11·7 ± 1·0a | 8·0 ± 0·5b | 9·1 ± 0·6a, b |
| GAD antibody IgG (IE/ml) | 0 ± 0 | 508 ± 205 | 337 ± 190 | 1 ± 0 |
| IA‐2 antibody IgG (IE/ml) | 1 ± 0 | 25 ± 7 | 387 ± 295 | 1 ± 0 |
| Hb (g/l) | 145 ± 2 | 142 ± 3 | 145 ± 3 | 141 ± 4 |
| Lkc (109/l) | 6·0 ± 0·4 | 5·8 ± 0·4 | 6·6 ± 0·8 | 5·4 ± 0·2 |
| CRP (mg/l) | 1·2 ± 0·4 | 1·6 ± 0·3 | 1·3 ± 0·2 | 2·4 ± 0·8 |
All values are given as mean ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.). Multiple comparison of means by analysis of variance (anova), Tukey’s post‐hoc test.
a
P‐value versus controls < 0·05;
b
P‐value versus T1D < 0·05;
c
P‐value versus LADA < 0·05.
GADA = glutamate decarboxylase 65 antibody; eGFR = creatinine estimated glomerular filtration rate; TSH = thyroid‐stimulating hormone; LADA = latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in the adult (LADA); Ig = immunoglobulin; BMI = body mass index; n.a. = not available; HbAlc = haemoglobinA1c; CRP = C‐reactive peptide; fC‐peptide = fasting C‐peptide; fp‐glucose = fasting plasma glucose; Lkc = leucocyte count.