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. 2019 Jun 24;9:9084. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45611-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Phylum distribution in culturomics and metagenomics. Culturomics and metagenomics results confirmed a significant increase in Proteobacteria in kwashiorkor (uncorrected chi-square test, CTL-KW, MRS-KW, p < 0.001) as well as a significant decrease in Bacteroidetes in marasmus (uncorrected chi-square test, CTL-MRS, MRS-KW, p < 0.0005). Strikingly, the increased Fusobacteria diversity in kwashiorkor observed by metagenomics was also confirmed in kwashiorkor, but not in marasmus, by culturomics (uncorrected chi-square test, CTL-KW, p = 0.004).