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. 2019 Mar 18;236(4):1119–1129. doi: 10.1007/s00213-019-05196-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 1 — Studies of dopamine transporter availability in tobacco smokers relative to controls. The forest plot shows the effects sizes estimated using a random effects model and 95% confidence intervals of the difference between smokers and controls. There was an overall significant decrease in the dopamine transporter availability in smokers relative to controls with a moderate to large effect size (− 0.72 [95% CI, −1.38 to − 0.05], p < 0.05)