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. 2019 Jun 24;9:9202. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45425-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Laser-driven in-air PIXE scheme. (a) Laser-driven ion source: a double-layer target irradiated with an ultraintense laser (snapshot of a PIC simulation); (b) Monte Carlo simulation setup (electrons shown in red, ions shown in blue and X-rays shown in green): (b1) first aperture slit; (b2) 2.5 cm long dipole magnet having a field strength of 0.15 T; (b3) second aperture slit; (b4) 1 μm thick exit window made of Si₃N₄⁶⁷; (b5) sample in air (2 cm from exit window); (b6) proton energy spectrum at sample surface; (b7) 2.6 × 2.68 cm² rectangular screen representing a PI-LCX:1300 CCD camera; (b8) Example of one of the proton energy spectra at sample surface; (c) retrieved elemental concentration profiles (solid lines) vs real ones (filled regions).