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. 2019 Jun 24;9:9104. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45540-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Adipogenic gene expression analysis by qPCR during mMSCs differentiation treated with or without caffeine. Relative gene expression of (a) adipogenic markers AdipoQ, FABP4 and PPARγ, (b) beige lineage markers CITED1, CD137 and P2RX5, and (c) brown lineage markers UCP1, PRDM16, PGC-1α, LHX8, CIDEA, DIO2 and COX8b. (d) Scatter plot of the first two principal components, comprising 93.2% of total variance, highlighting two clusters corresponding to cells differentiated in adipogenic medium with 0 mM (pink) and 1 mM (blue) caffeine. (e) Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of expression values for the same genes and samples as those in panel D. Each row represents a gene while each column corresponds to a different sample. Gene expression of (f) AR-ß3 and AR-α2 and (g) TRPV1, TRPV2 and TRPV4. Data represent the mean ± SEM of five replicates; *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001.