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. 2019 Jun 24;9:9083. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45563-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Linearity and limit of detection. (a) Measured 10 ms V_out-trace of one pixel in the dark (50 μs per sample) and the clock signal employed for array scanning. The pixel signal (V_sig) during each frame of the array is averaged from two 1-ms steady-state data in the V_out-trace (i.e. a total of 40 samples marked by dashed lines). (b) Measured 40 frames of V_sig values when the array is illuminated at 550/15 nm with I_light ranging from 26 mW (10%) to 260 mW (100%). (c) Measured 40 frames of V_sig values when the array is illuminated at 640/30 nm with I_light ranging from 45.1 μW (10%) to 451 μW (100%). (d) V_sig (40-frame average) vs. I_light under 550/15 nm and 640/30 nm illuminations. (e) Measured SNR and SBR values under 550/15 nm (left, 260 mW at 100%) and 640/30 nm (right, 451 μW at 100%) illuminations. Dashed lines indicate SNR = 3 and SBR = 3. Statistics are based on measurements from eight pixels, four in the center and the other four at the corner of the 8-by-8 array. The error bars represent ±1 s.d.