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. 2019 Jun 24;9:9117. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45499-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect of antibiotic supplementation on Anopheles arabiensis longevity. (A) For the insecticide-susceptible Anopheles arabiensis SENN strain control treatments (SFCon-dark blue and SMCon-purple) lived significantly longer than erythromycin-treated individuals (SFEry-red and SMEry-green). (B) Untreated control females of the Anopheles arabiensis insecticide-resistant SENN-DDT strain (DFCon-dark blue) lived for a significantly shorter time than gentamicin- (DFGent-red), vancomycin- (DFVan-green), or streptomycin-treated individuals (DFStrep-purple). Vancomycin treated females lived the longest. (C) Untreated control males of the Anopheles arabiensis insecticide-resistant SENN-DDT strain (DMCon-dark blue) lived for a significantly shorter time than gentamicin- (DMGent-red), vancomycin- (DMVan-green), or streptomycin-treated individuals (DMStrep-purple). Gentamicin-treated males lived the longest. Significance was determined by the Log-Rank test. Insecticide susceptible strains are denoted by a green block and insecticide resistant strains are denoted by a red block.