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. 2019 Jun 24;9:9117. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45499-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect of the supplementation of non-commensal bacteria on the insecticide resistance phenotype of Anopheles arabiensis SENN-DDT. When the insecticide resistant SENN-DDT strain was supplemented with either gram-positive (Streptococcus pyrogenes) or gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), deltamethrin-induced mortality decreased in both males and females. Bacterial supplementation had no effect on male malathion-induced mortality, while only S. pyrogenes supplementation significantly reduced malathion-induced mortality in females. Asterisks indicate a significant difference from the untreated control of the same sex and insecticide exposure. The treatment label is in red to indicate insecticide resistance.