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. 2019 Jun 24;9:9099. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45284-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mild cellular confinement leads to decreased metabolic activity. (A) hMSCs exposed for 72 hours to topography XS show mild confinement in morphology. Left shows DNA stained with DAPI, middle shows the actin cytoskeleton stained with phalloidin, right is a merge of both channels. Notes: left, one can appreciate the surface topographical features as darker spots. Middle, light captured from outside of the cellular boundaries comes from auto-fluorescence of the polystyrene. Scale bar represents 50 µm. (B) Presto Blue analysis for mitochondrial activity in hMSCs after 72 hours of culture on flat and topographically enhanced (XS) substrates (N = 5). (C) Flow cytometer quantification of the mitochondrial abundance in hMSCs cultured after 72 hours on topography XS compared to flat polystyrene (N = 3). In both B and C the differences between flat and topography XS are significant with p < 0.05, as indicated by the statistical significance star.