. 2019 Jun 18;6:191. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00191

Table 2.

Animal health management practices of 1,140 smallholder livestock producers participating in a cross-sectional study in Australia in 2013–2015.

Practice	Species
	Cattle/sheep	%	Pigs	%	Dairy goats	%	Alpacas	%
FREQUENCY OF LIVESTOCK INSPECTION
Daily	Cattle 375	62.3^a	190	97.4^b	96	97.0^b	72	81.8^b
	Sheep 184	66.9^a
Weekly	Cattle 200	33.2^a	4	2.1^b	3	3.0^b	12	13.6^b
	Sheep 76	27.6^a
Fortnightly	Cattle 21	3.5	1	0.5	0	–	2	2.3
	Sheep 6	2.2
Monthly	Cattle 6	1.0	0	–	0	–	2	2.3
	Sheep 9	3.3
KEEP RECORDS OF
Animals with disease	351	54.8^a	75	45.2^a	83	89.2^b	76	88.4^b
Animals that died or euthanased	416	63.5^a	91	54.8^a	93	96.9^b	78	90.7^b
Treatment routine	425	66.3^a	114	68.7^a	76	77.6^a	80	93.0^b
CONTACTED A VETERINARIAN IN THE LAST 12 MONTHS	257	37.4^a	64	35.8^a	72	72.7^b	70	79.5^b
If no, last time veterinarian contacted
Never	116	16.9^a ^b	50	27.9^a	4	4.0^b	6	6.8^a ^b
1–2 y ago	119	17.3	34	19.0	12	12.	11	12.5
3–5 y ago	108	15.7^a	16	8.9^a	10	10.1^a	1	1.1^b
>5 y ago	87	12.7^a	15	8.4^a	1	1.0^b	0	–
ACTION AFTER IDENTIFYING SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE OR UNUSUAL BEHAVIOR IN YOUR LIVESTOCK (always and sometimes)
Do nothing	184	24.7^a	49	24.7^a	4	6.3^b	1	1.7^b
Treat myself	551	73.8^a	153	77.3^a	75	91.5^b	65	84.4^b
Call other producer	496	66.5^a	105	53.0^b	46	67.6^a	53	80.3^c
Call veterinarian	658	88.2	179	90.4	90	94.7	80	97.6
Call livestock agent/saleyard	157	21.0^a	24	12.1^b	2	3.4^c	3	5.6^c
Call Government agency	269	36.1^a	87	43.9^a	22	34.4^a	14	24.6^b
Call the Emergency Animal Disease Watch Hotline	158	21.2^a	61	30.8^a	0	–	1	1.1^b
SEEK INFORMATION ON MANAGEMENT AND HEALTH OF LIVESTOCK	597	82.9	163	82.3	89	92.7	82	95.3
MOST USEFUL SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Government	311	52.1^a	98	60.1^a	36	37.5^b	31	36.0^b
Veterinarian	402	67.3^a	109	66.9^a	76	79.2^b	70	46.5^c
Rural supplier	227	38.0^a	44	27.0^b	28	29.2^b	21	24.4^b
Other producers	149	25.0^a	32	19.6^a	62	64.6^b	67	77.9^b
Industry breed groups	72	12.1^a	34	20.9^a	41	42.7^b	34	39.5^b

^{a, b, c}

For each row, different superscripts differ P < 0.05.