Table 1. Review of previous reports of sapantaneous choroidal hemorrhage.
| Reference (year) | Age (year) | Sex | Eye | MH | OH | Anticoagulant agent | Initial VA | Initial IOP (mmHg) | Management | Final VA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Wong [2], 1999 | 76 | M | R | HTN, IHD, DM | IOL | Heparin | CF | 60 | Medications | NLP |
| 2. | Ophir [3], 2001 | 90 | F | R | IHD, DM | Glaucoma | None | NLP | Perforation | Eviseration | – |
| 3. | Chen [1], 2001 | 57 | M | R | HTN, CBE, DM | AMD | None | HM | 50 | Medicaions | NLP |
| 78 | M | L | CAD | AMD | None | NLP | 50 | Sclerotomy | NLP | ||
| 55 | M | R | HTN | AMD | None | NLP | 42 | Sclerotomy | HM | ||
| 67 | F | L | HTN, DM, VHC | AMD | None | NA | 70 | Sclerotomy | N/A | ||
| 4. | Dandekar [4], 2001 | 62 | F | L | RHD | None | Warfarin | NA | NA | Medications | LP |
| 5. | Neudorfer [5], 2002 | 84 | F | L | IHD, | IOL | Enoxaparin | CF | 70 | Medications | 20/100 |
| 6. | Knox [6], 2002 | 81 | F | R | A-Fib | AMD | Warfarin | LP | 36 | Iridotomy | NLP |
| 7. | Goldsmith [7], 2003 | 74 | F | L | HTN, CRF, AL | Glaucoma | None | NLP | Perforation | Evisceration | – |
| 8. | Chak [8], 2003 | 78 | F | L | HTN | High myopia | Aspirin | 6/12 | 20 | Medications | 6/12 |
| 9. | Hammam [9], 2003 | 65 | M | R | None | None | None | 6/24 | 38 | Medications | 6/5 |
| 10. | Yang [10], 2003 | 84 | M | R | HTN | AMD | None | HM | 43 | Sclerotomy | NLP |
| 84 | F | R | HTN, A-Fib | AMD, IOL | Warfarin | HM | 26 | Sclerotomy | NLP | ||
| 66 | F | L | MVR | AMD | Warfarin | LP | 40 | Sclerotomy | NLP | ||
| 85 | M | L | HTN | AMD | None | HM | 18 | Sclerotomy | NLP | ||
| 79 | F | L | HTN, A-Fib | AMD, IOL | Warfarin | LP | 29 | Sclerotomy | HM | ||
| 11. | Maguluri [11], 2005 | 52 | M | R | Hemophilia | None | None | HM | 27 | PPV, PPL, enucleation | – |
| 12. | Barsam [12], 2005 | 86 | F | R | DM, IHD | Glaucoma, IOL | Aspirin | NLP | >50 | Medications | HM |
| 13. | Saeed [13], 2007 | 27 | F | L | DM, hemodialysis | DR, IOL | tPA | CF | 48 | PPV, SO | 6/12 |
| 14. | Lee [14], 2007 | 81 | F | L | HTN, | None | Aspirin, plavix | NLP | 58 | Enucleation | – |
| 15. | Tajika [15], 2008 | 32 | M | L | CRF | None | None | 0.01 | 34 | PPV | 0.8 |
| 16. | Chandra [16], 2009 | 84 | M | L | HTN, CBS, PE | AMD, Glaucoma | Warfarin | NLP | 44 | Medications | NLP |
| 17. | Fukuchi [17], 2009 | 46 | F | L | HTN | NA | NA | NA | 55 | Medications | NA |
| 18. | Chen [18], 2009 | 86 | M | R | IHD, DVT | Glaucoma, AMD | Aspirin | NLP | 45 | Sclerotomy, evisceration | – |
| 19. | Lim [19], 2011 | 75 | F | L | Aortic aneurysms | Hypermetropic | None | HM | 70 | Paracentesis, enucleation | – |
| 20. | Nadarajah [20], 2012 | 71 | F | NA | HLD, HTN | Glaucoma | NA | LP | NA | Sclerotomy | 6/48 |
| 21. | Nguyen [21], 2012 | 24 | F | L | Cystic fibrosis, DM | DR | Warfarin, heparin | HM | 34 | Medications | NLP |
| 22. | Kim [22], 2013 | 53 | F | R | PD, HTN, CRF, DM | Vitrectomized | None | CF | 19 | Sclerotomy | 20/40 |
| 23. | Srikanth [23], 2013 | 57 | F | R | DLD | NA | NA | NLP | 44 | Perforaion, evisceration | – |
| 24. | Zhang [24], 2014 | 59 | F | R | None | High myopia | None | LP | 3 | Phaco, PPV, SO | CF |
| 61 | F | R | None | High myopia | None | HM | 5 | PPV, SO | 20/400 | ||
| 25. | Andreatta [25], 2016 | 90 | F | L | A-Fib | AMD | Warfarin | HM | 55 | Medications | LP |
| 26. | Hsiao [26], 2016 | 64 | M | R | HTN, BS, | None | Clopidogrel bisulfate | NLP | 59 | Iridotomy, sclerotomy | NLP |
| 27. | Albert [27], 2017 | 62 | F | R, L | HTN, DM, HLD | Glaucoma | None | 20/25 (R), 20/200 (L) | 17 | Medications | 20/40(R), 20/20(L) |
| 28. | Atdignysx [28], 2017 | 68 | F | L | HTN, AL, HF | None | Warfarin | LP | 50 | Sclerotomy | NLP |
MH: medical history; OH: ocular history; VA: visual acuity; IOP: intraocular pressure; M: male; F: female; R: right; L; left; HTN, hypertension; IHD: ischemic heart disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; CAD: coronary arterial disease; CBE: cerebrovascular episode; VHC: viral hepatitis C; NA: not available; RHD: rheumatic heart disease; A-Fib: atrial fibrillation; MVR: mitral valve replacement; CRF: chronic renal failure; BS: brainstem stroke; AL: arteriosclerosis; AMD: age-related macular degeneration; tPA: tissue plasminogen activator; CBS: cardiac bypass surgery; PE: pulmonary embolus; IOL: intraocular lens; DR: diabetic retinopathy; HLD: hyperlipidemia; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; PD: peritoneal dialysis; DLD: decompensated liver disease; HF: heart failture; CF: count fingers; HM: hand motions; LP: light perception; NLP: no light perception; PPV: pars plana vitrectomy; PPL: pars plana lentectomy; SO: silicone oil.