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. 2019 Jun 24;63(7):e00220-19. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00220-19

FIG 1.

FIG 1

Inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) production upon in vitro stimulation of astroglial cells with living S. pneumoniae bacteria. Cytokines and NO were measured in cell culture supernatant 24 h after concomitant application of living S. pneumoniae bacteria and antibiotics. Infection and bacteriolysis induced by ceftriaxone (CRO) resulted in high levels of IL-1β (A), IL-6 (B), TNF-α (D), and NO (E) release. Compared to CRO monotherapy, DOX significantly reduced levels of IL-1β (P < 0.002), IL-6 (P < 0.002), TNF-α (P < 0.0001), and NO (P < 0.001); CRO+DOX significantly decreased levels of IL-6 (P < 0.02), TNF-α (P < 0.0001), and NO (P < 0.001); DAP, CRO+DAP, and CRO+DAP+DOX reduced levels of IL-1β (P < 0.0001), IL-6 (P < 0.0001), TNF-α (P < 0.0001), and NO (P < 0.0001). CRO+DAP+DOX was the only regimen to significantly reduce IL-10 levels (P < 0.03). Significance levels are not indicated in the graphs for clearer representation. Statistical differences were assessed by one-way ANOVA using Tukey’s multiple comparison to adjust for multiple testing.