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. 2019 Jun 18;10(6):247–254. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v10.i6.247

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Suspected mechanisms. A: Human immunodeficiency virus and mediated osteopenia; B: Highly active antiretroviral therapy associated osteopenia. HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; TNF alpha: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; HAART: Highly active antiretroviral therapy; Vit D: Vitamin D; Hep C: Hepatitis C; NRTIs: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ;OPG: Osteoprotegerin.