TABLE 4.
Estimated mean difference in blood pressure associated with 2SD higher intakes of low-fat dairy products and low-fat milk stratified by median albumin-to-creatinine ratio in Western INTERnational study on MAcro/micronutrients and blood Pressure participants (n = 1027)a
| SBP | DBP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difference (95% Cl) | Difference (95% Cl) | |||
| Model | mmHg | P | mmHg | P |
| Low−fat dairy products | ||||
| Albumin−creatinine ratio 0.05 mg/g or less (n = 514) | ||||
| Model 1 | −4.21 (−7.66 to −1.70) | 0.002 | −2.57 (−4.57 to −0.58) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 | −3.58 (−6.46 to −0.70) | 0.02 | −2.06 (−4.09 to −0.04) | 0.05 |
| Model 3 | −3.66 (−6.54 to −0.77) | 0.01 | −2.15 (−4.15 to −0.13) | 0.04 |
| Model 3a | −3.13 (−5.90 to −0.37) | 0.03 | −1.82 (−3.78 to 0.13) | 0.07 |
| Model 3b | −3.64 (−6.51 to −0.76) | 0.01 | −2.14 (−5.07 to 0.06) | 0.04 |
| Model 3c | −2.78 (−5.84 to 0.28) | 0.08 | −1.84 (−3.99 to 0.30) | 0.09 |
| Model 3e | −3.65 (−6.56 to −0.75) | 0.01 | −2.09 (−4.13 to −0.06) | 0.04 |
| Model 3f | −1.47 (−5.74 to 2.79) | 0.50 | −1.61 (−4.60 to 1.38) | 0.29 |
| Model 3g | −3.75 (−7.42 to −0.08) | 0.05 | −2.51 (−5.07 to 0.06) | 0.06 |
| Model 3h | −0.55 (−6.91 to 5.81) | 0.87 | −0.91 (−5.37 to 3.54) | 0.69 |
| Model 3i | −3.49 (−6.37 to −0.61) | 0.02 | −2.05 (−4.07 to −0.03) | 0.05 |
| Model 3j | −0.34 (−6.72 to 6.04) | 0.92 | −0.88 (−5.36 to 3.58) | 0.70 |
| Model 3k | −1.85 (−6.21 to 2.52) | 0.41 | −1.86 (−4.92 to 1.21) | 0.24 |
| Model 31 | −0.69 (−7.10 to 5.72) | 0.83 | −1.07 (−5.56 to 3.42) | 0.64 |
| Model 3m | −0.58 (−6.99 to 5.82) | 0.86 | −1.04 (−5.54 to 3.45) | 0.65 |
| Model 3n | −3.81 (−6.87 to −0.75) | 0.02 | −2.25 (−4.40 to −0.10) | 0.04 |
| Albumin−creatinine ratio greater than 0.05 mg/g (n = 513) | ||||
| Model 1 | −3.14 (−6.26 to −0.02) | 0.05 | −2.92 (−4.91 to −0.92) | 0.004 |
| Model 2 | −2.12 (−5.25 to 1.01) | 0.19 | −2.29 (−4.29 to −0.29) | 0.03 |
| Model 3 | −2.07 (−5.22 to 1.08) | 0.20 | −2.17 (−4.18 to −0.15) | 0.04 |
| Model 3a | −2.24 (−5.36 to 0.89) | 0.16 | −2.21 (−4.23 to −0.20) | 0.03 |
| Low−fat milk | ||||
| Albumin−creatinine ratio 0.05 mg/g or less (n = 514) | ||||
| Model 1 | −3.57 (−6.41 to −0.73) | 0.01 | −1.68 (−3.58 to 0.22) | 0.08 |
| Model 2 | −2.95 (−5.66 to −0.25) | 0.03 | −1.34 (−3.24 to 0.55) | 0.17 |
| Model 3 | −2.85 (−5.68 to −0.01) | 0.05 | −1.05 (−3.03 to 0.93) | 0.30 |
| Model 3a | −2.78 (−5.49 to −0.07) | 0.04 | −1.01 (−2.93 to 0.90) | 0.30 |
| Model 3b | −2.73 (−5.56 to 0.10) | 0.06 | −1.01 (−2.99 to 0.98) | 0.32 |
| Model 3c | −2.05 (−5.01 to 0.91) | 0.18 | −0.75 (−2.82 to 1.33) | 0.48 |
| Model 3e | −2.83 (−5.67 to 0.01) | 0.05 | −1.02 (−3.01 to 0.97) | 0.32 |
| Model 3f | −0.90 (−4.64 to 2.84) | 0.64 | −0.61 (−3.24 to 2.02) | 0.65 |
| Model 3g | −2.78 (−6.14 to 0.59) | 0.11 | −1.24 (−3.59 to 1.11) | 0.30 |
| Model 3h | 0.08 (−5.57 to 5.73) | 0.98 | 0.31 (−2.82 to 1.33) | 0.88 |
| Model 3i | −2.81 (−5.64 to 0.01) | 0.05 | −1.03 (−3.01 to 0.95) | 0.31 |
| Model 3j | 0.36 (−5.31 to 6.03) | 0.90 | 0.35 (−3.63 to 4.32) | 0.86 |
| Model 3k | −1.18 (−5.01 to 2.65) | 0.55 | −0.78 (−3.47 to 1.92) | 0.57 |
| Model 31 | 0.01 (−5.70 to 5.72) | 1.00 | 0.19 (−3.81 to 4.19) | 0.93 |
| Model 3m | 0.15 (−5.55 to 5.86) | 0.96 | 0.22 (−3.79 to 4.22) | 0.91 |
| Model 3n | −2.73 (−5.62 to 0.16) | 0.07 | −1.04 (−3.07 to 0.99) | 0.32 |
| Albumin−creatinine ratio greater than 0.05 mg/g (n = 513) | ||||
| Model 1 | −2.26 (−5.46, 0.94) | 0.17 | −2.85 (−4.90, −0.81) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 | −1.24 (−4.40 to 1.92) | 0.44 | −2.10 (−4.12 to −0.08) | 0.04 |
| Model 3 | −0.73 (−4.28 to 2.82) | 0.69 | −2.35 (−4.63 to −0.08) | 0.04 |
| Model 3a | −1.06 (−4.59 to 2.46) | 0.55 | −2.46 (−4.73 to −0.19) | 0.03 |
CI, confidence interval.
a
Median albumin–creatinine ratio = 0.05 (mg/g). 2SD (g/1000 kcal) low-fat dairy products = 200, low-fat milk = 156. Adjusted as footnote in Table 2, except Model 3 in low-fat milk, where it was adjusted for variables in Model 2 with whole-fat milk (g/1000 kcal).