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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 25.
Published in final edited form as: J Hum Hypertens. 2018 Nov 12;33(3):229–236. doi: 10.1038/s41371-018-0129-z

Table 2.

Relationship between VIM of average BP across four study visits and various characteristics: INTERMAP, 1996–1999

VIM of average BP
Model 1 Model 2
Beta P-value Beta P-value
Age (5 years) 0.312 <0.001 0.256 <0.001
Women 0.576 <0.001 0.497 <0.001
Country
 Japan Reference Reference
 PRC 1.358 <0.001 1.377 <0.001
 UK 0.061 0.817 −0.058 0.836
 US 0.591 0.017 0.308 0.230
BMI −0.014 0.122
Pulse rate (10 beats/min) −0.209 <0.001 −0.204 <0.001
Smoking
 Non-smoker Reference
 Ex-smoker 0.010 0.934
 Smoker 0.061 0.603
Drinking
 Non-drinker Reference
 Ex-drinker −0.187 0.311
 Moderate drinker −0.118 0.396
 Heavy drinker −0.222 0.266
Mean inside temperature (°C) −0.001 0.964
Mean outside temperature (°C) 0.014 0.036 0.012 0.086
Physical activity (h/week)a 0.002 0.876
Years of education
 6 years or less Reference
 12 years or less −0.009 0.968
 More than 13 years 0.115 0.636
Family history of hypertension 0.126 0.171
Past history of CVD 0.498 0.002 0.287 0.075
Urinary Sodium (20 mmol/24 h) −0.038 0.011 −0.036 0.022
Urinary Potassium (10 mmol/24 h) −0.051 0.049 −0.033 0.233
Antihypertensive medication drug class
 ACE inhibitor 0.478 0.017 0.527 0.009
 Angiotensin II receptor blocker 0.603 0.340 0.625 0.322
 Beta blocker 0.993 <0.001 0.805 0.001
 Calcium channel blocker 0.826 <0.001 0.843 <0.001
 Diuretic 0.248 0.281 0.289 0.207
 Vasodilation drug 0.789 0.167 0.750 0.188
 Other 1.091 0.028 1.074 0.030

The associations between VIMs of BP and participant characteristics were assessed using multiple linear regression analysis. Model 1 included adjustment for age, sex, countries and study centers. Model 2 included age, sex, countries, study centers and all variables associated with VIM of visit-to-visit BP variability (P < 0.05) in Model 1

a

Physical activity was defined as number of hours with moderate and heavy physical activity per week

BP blood pressure, VIM variation independent of mean, CVD cardiovascular diseases, BMI body mass index, PRC People’s Republic of Chin, UK United Kingdom, US United States, h hour, ACE angiotensin-converting-enzyme