Fig. 2.

Effects of artesunate on migration and invasion of primary RA-FLS. a–c Concentrations of artesunate, MTX (10 nM), or HCQ (20 μM) without TNF-α stimulation; wound healing and transwell assays showed the capacity of horizontal migration (a), vertical migration (b), and invasion (c) of primary RA-FLS. d F-actin was stained with phalloidin. Representative images were shown (original magnification, × 400 above and × 1000 below). The green arrow indicates lamellipodia formation, and the yellow arrow indicates filopodia formation. e Bars were representative as effects indicated concentrations of artesunate, MTX (10 nM), or HCQ (20 μM) on primary RA-FLS migration and invasion measured by wound healing and transwell assays of migration and invasion. Data were representative as means ± SD from 12 RA patients. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, compared with RA-FLS without TNF-α or artesunate treatment. ^△P < 0.05, ^△△P < 0.01, ^△△△P < 0.001, compared with RA-FLS treated with TNF-α alone