Table 4.
The associations between teenage pregnancy and demographic, behavioural, familial and social factors, Lira (Uganda)
| Variable | B | SE | Model 1 AOR (95%CI) | B | SE | Model 2 AOR (95%CI) | B | SE | Model 3 AOR (95%CI) | B | SE | Model 4 AOR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | ||||||||||||
| Age group (years) | ||||||||||||
| Younger teenagers | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Older teenagers | 0.32 | 0.80 | 1.4 (0.29–6.61) | −0.45 | −1.14 | 0.7 (0.07–5.91) | − 0.54 | 1.23 | 0.6 (0.05–6.50) | 0.34 | 2.05 | 1.4 (0.03–78.47) |
| Place of residence | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Rural | 0.51 | 0.34 | 1.7 (0.86–3.23) | 0.26 | 0.42 | 1.3 (0.58–2.93) | 0.36 | 0.48 | 1.4 (0.55–3.68) | −1.20 | 0.82 | 0.3 (0.06–1.51) |
| School attendance | ||||||||||||
| In school | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Not in school | 3.83 | 0.44 | 45.9 (19.55–107.91)** | 3.92 | 0.55 | 50.3 (17.25–146.96)** | 3.84 | 0.65 | 46.6 (13.03–166.91)** | 3.87 | 0.94 | 47.7 (7.61–299.53)** |
| Fathers’ education | ||||||||||||
| Post-secondary education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| No education | −0.06 | 0.55 | 0.9 (0.32–2.78) | 0.28 | 0.74 | 1.3 (0.31–5.59) | 0.16 | 0.84 | 1.2 (0.23–6.15) | 1.00 | 1.17 | 2.7 (0.27–26.78) |
| Primary education | − 0.52 | 0.45 | 0.6 (0.25–1.44) | − 0.48 | 0.59 | 0.6 (0.20–1.97) | −0.29 | 0.71 | 0.7 (0.19–3.02) | 1.30 | 1.22 | 3.7 (0.33–40.42) |
| Secondary education | −0.49 | 0.45 | 0.6 (0.26–1.47) | −0.34 | 0.55 | 0.7 (0.24–2.10) | −0.44 | 0.65 | 0.6 (0.18–2.30) | 0.24 | 0.98 | 1.3 (0.19–8.66) |
| Mothers’ education | ||||||||||||
| Post-secondary education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| No education | 1.68 | 0.47 | 5.4 (2.15–13.35)** | 1.77 | 0.62 | 5.8 (1.74–19.66)* | 1.71 | 0.72 | 5.5 (1.35–22.67)* | 0.47 | 1.09 | 1.6 (0.19–13.64) |
| Primary education | 0.76 | 0.39 | 2.1 (0.98–4.61) | 0.57 | 0.52 | 1.8 (0.64–4.88) | 0.46 | 0.60 | 1.6 (0.49–5.18) | −0.40 | 0.80 | 0.7 (0.14–3.25) |
| Secondary education | 1.18 | 0.45 | 3.2 (1.35–7.78)* | 1.05 | 0.55 | 2.9 (0.97–8.44) | 0.92 | 0.65 | 2.5 (0.71–8.97) | 0.69 | 0.85 | 2.0 (0.38–10.63) |
| Type of occupation | ||||||||||||
| Business | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Farmer | −1.11 | 0.48 | 0.3 (0.13–0.84)* | − 1.79 | 0.62 | 0.2 (0.05–0.57)* | −1.93 | 0.77 | 0.1 (0.03–0.66)* | −2.43 | 1.22 | 0.1 (0.01–1.95) |
| Employed (Government/NGO) | − 0.14 | 0.42 | 0.9 (0.39–1.97) | −0.38 | 0.50 | 0.7 (0.26–1.81) | −0.28 | 0.58 | 0.8 (0.25–2.35) | −0.35 | 0.85 | 0.7 (0.13–3.69) |
| (0.03–0.66)* (0.03–0.66)*Others* | −0.97 | 0.59 | 2.6 (0.83–8.45) | − 0.16 | 0.82 | 0.9 (0.17–4.27) | 0.21 | 0.99 | 1.2 (0.18–8.56) | 0.43 | 1.72 | 1.5 (0.05–44.77) |
| Parents alive | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| No | 0.06 | 0.31 | 1.1 (0.57–1.95) | .26 | .39 | 1.3 (0.60–2.77) | 0.19 | 0.58 | 1.2 (0.39–3.75) | 0.78 | 0.84 | 2.2 (0.42–11.39) |
| Behavioural variables | ||||||||||||
| Age at first sex | ||||||||||||
| Older age | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Younger age | 1.66 | 0.78 | 5.2 (1.14–24.04)* | 2.17 | 0.89 | 8.7 (1.53–49.69)* | 1.84 | 1.34 | 6.3 (0.46–86.18) | |||
| Multiple sexual partner | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| No | −2.49 | 0.47 | 0.1 (0.03–0.21)** | −3.05 | 0.59 | 0.5 (0.02–0.15)** | −3.49 | 0.83 | 0.03 (0.01–0.16)*** | |||
| Frequency of sex per week | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| More than two times | −1.79 | 0.45 | 0.2 (0.07–0.40)** | −2.06 | 0.55 | 0.1 (0.04–0.37)** | −1.95 | 0.76 | 0.1 (0.03–0.63)** | |||
| Less than two times | ||||||||||||
| Contraceptive use | ||||||||||||
| Rare use | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Often use | −1.86 | 0.46 | 0.2 (0.06–0.38)** | − 1.87 | 0.54 | 0.2 (0.05–0.44)** | −1.93 | 0.73 | 0.1 (0.04–0.61)** | |||
| Familial Variables | ||||||||||||
| Socio-economic status | ||||||||||||
| High | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Low | 0.52 | 0.64 | 1.7 (0.48–5.96) | 0.68 | 0.83 | 2.0 (0.39–10.05) | ||||||
| Medium | −0.74 | 0.70 | 0.5 (0.12–1.89) | −0.34 | 0.93 | 0.7 (0.12–4.36) | ||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Married | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Not married | −2.12 | 0.50 | 0.1 (0.05–0.32)** | −2.38 | 0.75 | 0.1 (0.02–0.41)** | ||||||
| Parental separation/divorce | ||||||||||||
| Separated | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Not separated | −0.56 | 0.52 | 0.6 (0.21–1.57) | −1.40 | 0.73 | 0.3 (0.06–1.03) | ||||||
| Person living with | ||||||||||||
| Live with relative | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Live with both parents | −0.13 | 0.76 | 0.9 (0.20–3.91) | 0.12 | 0.98 | 1.1 (0.17–7.78) | ||||||
| Live with only father | −0.24 | 0.91 | 0.8 (0.13–4.66) | −1.72 | 1.57 | 0.2 (0.01–3.87) | ||||||
| Live with only mother | 0.65 | 0.74 | 1.9 (0.45–8.15) | 1.04 | 0.97 | 2.8 (0.43–18.76) | ||||||
| Live with husband | 0.41 | 0.80 | 1.5 (0.31–7.17) | 1.26 | 1.13 | 3.5 (0.38–32.46) | ||||||
| Domestic violence | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| No | −0.75 | 0.48 | 0.5 (0.18–1.22) | −1.13 | 0.71 | 0.3 (0.08–1.29) | ||||||
| Physical neglect | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| No | −0.37 | 0.45 | 0.7 (0.29–1.69) | −0.56 | 0.66 | 0.6 (0.16–2.09) | ||||||
| Social Variables | ||||||||||||
| Peer pressure | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1 | |||||||||||
| No | −1.95 | 0.76 | 0.1 (0.04–0.69)** | |||||||||
| Sexual abuse | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1 | |||||||||||
| No | −1.79 | 0.72 | 0.2 (0.04–0.69)** | |||||||||
| Control over sex | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1 | |||||||||||
| No | 4.04 | 0.81 | 57.0 (11.74–276.99)*** | |||||||||
| Awareness on ASRH | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1 | |||||||||||
| No | 0.70 | 0.70 | 2.0 (0.51–7.91) | |||||||||
| Perception of culture | ||||||||||||
| Sex allowed before age 18 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Sex not allowed before age 18 | −0.67 | 0.64 | 0.5 (0.15–1.77) | |||||||||
| Effect modification by marital status | ||||||||||||
| Age group | ||||||||||||
| Older teenagers*marital status | −5.28 | 0.82 | 0.01 (0.01–0.03)*** | |||||||||
| Age at first sex | ||||||||||||
| Younger teenagers*marital status | −0.246 | 0.70 | 0.78 (0.20–3.07) | |||||||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||||||
| Rural*marital status | 0.77 | 0.29 | 2.17 (1.23–3.82)** | |||||||||
| School attendance | ||||||||||||
| Not in school*marital status | 3.93 | 0.67 | 50.98 (13.86–187.55)** | |||||||||
| Control over sex | ||||||||||||
| No control*marital status | 3.08 | 0.55 | 21.81 (7.46–63.76)*** | |||||||||
| Socio-economic status | ||||||||||||
| Low*marital status | 0.41 | 0.57 | 1.51 (0.32–0.42)*** | |||||||||
| Medium*marital status | 0.66 | 0.12 | 0.12 (0.49–4.59) | |||||||||
| Domestic violence | ||||||||||||
| No violence*marital status | −0.79 | 0.31 | 0.45 (0.25–0.83)** | |||||||||
| Physical neglect | ||||||||||||
| No neglect*marital status | −0.98 | 0.30 | 0.38 (0.21–0.67)*** | |||||||||
| Parental divorce | ||||||||||||
| No divorce*marital status | −0.93 | 0.28 | 0.40 (0.23–0.69)*** | |||||||||
| Awareness | ||||||||||||
| No awareness*marital status | 1.51 | 0.32 | 4.52 (2.43–8.43)*** | |||||||||
| -2Log Likelihood | 297.4 | 146.0 | 36.6 | 46.8 | ||||||||
| Hosmer & Lemeshow test | P = 0.35 | P = 0.24 | P = 0.49 | P = 0.82 | ||||||||
| Nagelkereke pseudo R2 | 56.5% | 19.0% | 6.0% | 27.2% | ||||||||
| Classification accuracy | 82.2% | 92.2% | 95.6% | 96.9% | ||||||||
1 = reference category, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, B regression coefficient, SE standard error, others* = builders, carpenters and welders, ASRH adolescent sexual and reproductive health