Table 5.
Group × time × moderator.
| Variable | Depression, beta (95% CI) | Anxiety, beta (95% CI) | DASS-21 stress, beta (95% CI) | Self-efficacy, beta (95% CI) |
| Age (years) | −.01 (−0.03 to 0.02) | −.01 (−0.03 to 0.02) | .01 (−0.08 to 0.09) | −.03 (−0.13 to 0.06) |
| Gender | −.16 (−0.81 to 0.49) | −.08 (−0.73 to 0.57] | −1.72 (−4.02 to 0.57) | −.90 (−3.40 to 1.61) |
| White | −.22 (−0.93 to 0.48) | −.40 (−1.11 to 0.30) | .18 (−2.29 to 2.65) | .50 (−2.20 to 3.20) |
| College educated | .15 (−0.36 to 0.65) | .48 (−0.03 to 0.99) | .60 (−1.20 to 2.39) | 1.35 (−0.63 to 3.34) |
| Married | −.25 (−0.81 to 0.32) | −.45 (−1.02 to 0.12) | −1.85 (−3.85 to 0.15) | 1.30 (−0.88 to 3.49) |
| Income level | .04 (−0.12 to 0.19) | .09 (−0.07 to 0.25) | .27 (−0.29 to 0.84) | −.08 (−0.70 to 0.53) |
| Using other apps | .01 (−0.59 to 0.62) | −.18 (−0.79 to 0.42) | −.31 (−2.44 to 1.81) | .67 (−1.68 to 3.02) |
| Receiving psychotherapy | .17 (−0.46 to 0.81) | .44 (−0.20 to 1.08) | .52 (−1.76 to 2.80) | −1.81 (−4.39 to 0.78) |
| Taking psychiatric medication | .47 (−0.04 to 0.98) | .61 (0.09 to 1.12)a | 2.19 (0.39 to 3.99)a | .18 (−1.84 to 2.20) |
| Diagnosed with depression | −.27 (−0.84 to 0.30) | .13 (−0.44 to 0.70) | .30 (−1.72 to 2.32) | .80 (−1.40 to 3.00) |
| Diagnosed with anxiety | .21 (−0.51 to 0.93) | −.02 (−0.75 to 0.72) | .17 (−2.38 to 2.73) | −1.18 (−4.00 to 1.64) |
aEffects are significant at P<.05.