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. 2019 May 9;10(1):44–62. doi: 10.1080/21645698.2019.1612689

TABLE 6.

Estimated costs of genome edited crops among groups within scientific knowledge domain (mean values).

  Case 1: Not likely regulated
Case 2: Likely regulated
Judgment type
Under-confident
Over-confident
Under-confident
Over-confident
R&D stages US$ M SD US$ M SD US$ M SD US$ M SD
Research/Discovery/Conception 2 3.13 3.5 4.58 3.5 6.37 4 4.88
Development/Implementation 3 4.52 3.5 4.96 5 6.79 7 6.96
Regulatory activity/Authorization 2 3.33 2 3.25 9.5 12.46 9 10.51
Launch/1st commercial sale 2 3.85 2 1.74 4 5.58 5 5.80
Total 9   12.5   22   25