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. 2019 Apr 2;29(4):500–509. doi: 10.1038/s41370-019-0131-8

Table 3.

Term birth weight change (g) associated with each interquartile range (IQR) increase in mean PM2.5 concentrations during each gestational month, by infant gender, maternal ethnicity, maternal employment, and pregnant complications

Gestational month INFANT GENDER MATERNAL ETHNICITY
Male Female p for interaction Hispanic Non-Hispanic p for interaction
n Birth weight change (g) (95% CI) n Birth weight change (g) (95% CI) n Birth weight Change (g) (95% CI) n Birth weight change (g) (95% CI)
1 34,558 0.8 (−7.2, 8.8) 33,615 −5.2 (−13.2, 2.9) 0.126 6787 −16.5 (−30.3, −2.7) 61,386 −0.6 (−7.8, 6.6) 0.017
2 34,855 −0.1 (−8.1, 7.8) 33,933 2.3 (−5.6, 10.3) 0.526 6847 −10.5 (−24.3, 3.3) 61,941 2.3 (−4.8, 9.4) 0.056
3 35,007 −5.6 (−13.5, 2.3) 34,145 3.1 (−4.8, 11.0) 0.024 6885 −8.9 (−22.7, 4.9) 62,267 −0.5 (−7.5, 6.5) 0.209
4 35,397 −0.4 (−8.1, 7.3) 34,433 5.3 (−2.5, 13.1) 0.145 6918 −5.6 (−19.1, 8.0) 62,912 3.2 (−3.7, 10.0) 0.186
5 35,650 −3.0 (−10.7, 4.7) 34,685 −0.2 (−7.9, 7.5) 0.467 6996 −15.8 (−29.3, −2.3) 63,339 −0.1 (−6.9, 6.7) 0.018
6 36,031 3.5 (−4.0, 11.1) 34,988 0.2 (−7.4, 7.9) 0.395 7040 −20.4 (−34.0, −6.8) 63,979 4.1 (−2.5, 10.8) <0.001
7 36,371 1.9 (−5.3, 9.1) 35,297 −0.7 (−7.9, 6.5) 0.497 7102 −10.8 (−23.8, 2.3) 64,566 1.8 (−4.5, 8.1) 0.052
8 36,639 1.1 (−6.1, 8.3) 35,570 0.4 (−6.9, 7.6) 0.851 7170 −10.2 (−23.1, 2.6) 65,039 1.9 (−4.4, 8.3) 0.057
9 36,842 −0.6 (−7.7, 6.6) 35,852 5.4 (−1.8, 12.5) 0.109 7194 −6.0 (−18.9, 7.0) 65,500 3.2 (−3.0, 9.5) 0.151
Last 31 days 36,851 −6.8 (−13.8, 0.2) 35,810 −1.0 (−8.0, 6.1) 0.117 7177 −16.4 (−29.1, −3.6) 65,484 −2.6 (−8.1, 3.5) 0.030
Gestational month MATERNAL EMPLOYMENT PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS a
Employed Unemployed p for interaction No Yes p for interaction
n Birth weight change (g) (95% CI) n Birth weight change (g) (95% CI) n Birth weight change (g) (95% CI) n Birth weight change (g) (95% CI)
1 43,607 0.7 (−6.9, 8.3) 24,566 −7.2 (−16.0, 1.5) 0.051 50,332 −2.4 (−9.8, 5.0) 17,841 −1.3 (−10.9, 8.3) 0.812
2 43,978 3.4 (−4.2, 11.0) 24,810 −3.0 (−11.6, 5.7) 0.117 50,824 0.9 (−6.4, 8.3) 17,964 1.5 (−8.0, 11.0) 0.891
3 44,153 0.3 (−7.2, 7.8) 24,999 −4.0 (−12.6, 4.6) 0.293 51,119 −1.5 (−8.7, 5.8) 18,033 −1.0 (−10.5, 8.4) 0.919
4 44,605 3.0 (−4.4, 10.3) 25,225 1.3 (−7.1, 9.7) 0.683 51,634 1.5 (−5.6, 8.6) 18,196 4.4 (−4.9, 13.7) 0.504
5 44,875 −2.9 (−10.2, 4.4) 25,460 0.5 (−7.9, 8.9) 0.399 51,957 −2.2 (−9.3, 4.8) 18,378 0.4 (−8.9, 9.7) 0.554
6 45,351 2.0 (−5.2, 9.1) 25,668 1.8 (−6.5, 10.1) 0.968 52,460 −1.0 (−7.9, 5.9) 18,559 10.3 (1.1, 19.5) 0.010
7 45,763 1.1 (−5.7, 7.8) 25,905 −0.2 (−8.1, 7.8) 0.749 52,907 −0.7 (−7.3, 5.8) 18,761 4.6 (−4.2, 13.3) 0.219
8 46,087 2.5 (−4.3, 9.3) 26,122 −2.6 (−10.5, 5.4) 0.193 53,327 0.7 (−5.9, 7.3) 18,882 0.8 (−7.9, 9.5) 0.983
9 46,403 5.3 (−1.4, 12.0) 26,291 −3.0 (−10.9, 4.9) 0.031 53,711 2.5 (−4.0, 9.1) 18,983 2.0 (−6.7, 10.6) 0.895
Last 31 days 43,607 −0.9 (−7.4, 5.7) 24,566 −9.6 (−17.3, −1.8) 0.025 53,668 −3.8 (−10.1, 2.6) 18,993 −4.3 (−12.8, 4.3) 0.908

aIncluding gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, eclampsia, abnormal birth conditions, and fetus at risk