Table 1.

DSM-V criteria for a diagnosis of substance use disorder (addiction) and corresponding behaviors in laboratory animals that self-administer drug.

1) Recurrent failure to fulfill role obligations
2) Recurrent substance use in hazardous situations
3) Continued substance use despite persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems
4) Tolerance
5) Withdrawal
6) The substance is often used in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended
7) Persistent desire or unsuccessful effort to cut down on substance
8) Craving
9) Considerable time spent in obtaining the substance or using, or recovering from its effects
10) Important social, work, or recreational activities given up because of use
11) Continued use despite recognition of problems resulting from use
Diagnosis
0–1 criteria	Unaffected
2–3	Mild Substance Use Disorder
4–5	Moderate Substance Use Disorder
6 or more	Severe Substance Use Disorder
(Note that according to the DSM no single criterion is necessary for a diagnosis of a substance use disorder)
Using DSM Criteria to Assess the Development of Addiction-Like Behavior in Laboratory Animals
Addiction-Like Behavior in Laboratory Animals	Example Measures	Relevant DSM Criteria
• High motivation to procure drugs	Breakpoint (progressive ratio schedule) Behavioral economic metrics, Pmax and α	7,8,9
• High propensity to reinstate drug-seeking	Renewed drug-seeking produced by the drug, drug cues, or stress after a period of abstinence	7,8,9
• Continued drug-seeking/taking despite adverse consequences	Continued drug-taking despite, for example, receiving an electrical shock; Max Charge	2, 11
• Continued drug-seeking when drug is unavailable	Resistance to extinction; Continued responding during signaled ‘Drug Unavailable’ periods	7,8,9
• Increased consumption when drug is available	Escalation of intake	6
• Choice between a drug vs. alternative reinforcers	Choice tasks	9, 10
• Amount of drug required to produce its desired effect	Preferred consumption at minimal price Behavioral economic metric, Qo	4,6
• Discomfort associated with the discontinuation of use	Physiological signs of withdrawal Elevated ICSS thresholds	4,5