Table 1.
1) Recurrent failure to fulfill role obligations | ||
2) Recurrent substance use in hazardous situations | ||
3) Continued substance use despite persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems | ||
4) Tolerance | ||
5) Withdrawal | ||
6) The substance is often used in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended | ||
7) Persistent desire or unsuccessful effort to cut down on substance | ||
8) Craving | ||
9) Considerable time spent in obtaining the substance or using, or recovering from its effects | ||
10) Important social, work, or recreational activities given up because of use | ||
11) Continued use despite recognition of problems resulting from use | ||
Diagnosis | ||
0–1 criteria | Unaffected | |
2–3 | Mild Substance Use Disorder | |
4–5 | Moderate Substance Use Disorder | |
6 or more | Severe Substance Use Disorder | |
(Note that according to the DSM no single criterion is necessary for a diagnosis of a substance use disorder) | ||
Using DSM Criteria to Assess the Development of Addiction-Like Behavior in Laboratory Animals | ||
Addiction-Like Behavior in Laboratory Animals |
Example Measures |
Relevant DSM Criteria |
• High motivation to procure drugs |
Breakpoint (progressive ratio schedule) Behavioral economic metrics, Pmax and α |
7,8,9 |
• High propensity to reinstate drug-seeking |
Renewed drug-seeking produced by the drug, drug cues, or stress after a period of abstinence |
7,8,9 |
• Continued drug-seeking/taking despite adverse consequences | Continued drug-taking despite, for example, receiving an electrical shock; Max Charge | 2, 11 |
• Continued drug-seeking when drug is unavailable | Resistance to extinction; Continued responding during signaled ‘Drug Unavailable’ periods | 7,8,9 |
• Increased consumption when drug is available | Escalation of intake | 6 |
• Choice between a drug vs. alternative reinforcers | Choice tasks | 9, 10 |
• Amount of drug required to produce its desired effect | Preferred consumption at minimal price Behavioral economic metric, Qo | 4,6 |
• Discomfort associated with the discontinuation of use | Physiological signs of withdrawal Elevated ICSS thresholds | 4,5 |