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. 2019 Jun 25;9:9238. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45684-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Ectopic propagation arising from PSC-CM automaticity following intramyocardial injection cell delivery is sensitive to spatial clustering (tissue scale) of engrafted PSC-CMs and delivery site location (organ scale). Cell delivery via intramyocardial injection into (a) the LV apex and (b) and the LV posterior wall was simulated. Representative spatial distributions of simulated PSC-CM engraftment ((a) d = 0.40, p = 0.95, (b) d = 0.60, p = 0.65) are shown for a delivery zone with radius = 1.6 cm. (c,d) The probability of ectopic propagation is plotted as a function of d and p for delivery into (c) the LV apex and (d) LV posterior wall.