Table 1.

Cytokines and immune cells in islets of patients with T2D

Islet source	Sample size	Method	Immune cells	Cytokines	Ref.
Pancreas sections	5 T2D	Immuno-histochemistry In situ hybridization	n.a.	IL-1β↑ (22.5% of islets from T2D were positive)	[8]
Pancreas sections	9 T2D 7 controls	Immuno-histochemistry	CD68+↑ CD3+ T- cells→ Granulocytes→	n.a.	[9]
β-cell enriched samples isolated by LCM of pancreas sections	10 T2D 9 controls	Gene array qPCR	n.a.	IL-1β: gene array↑ qPCR↑ IL-8: gene array↑ qPCR↑ (n.s.)	[10]
Pancreas section of T2D patients	15 T2D 16 controls	Immuno-histochemistry	CD68+↑	n.a.	[11]
β-cell enriched samples isolated by LCM of pancreas sections	10 T2D 10 controls	Gene array Immuno-histochemistry of CCL2	n.a.	CCL13, CCL2↑ IL-1β, IL-8, CCL11, CXCL1, IL6↑ (n.s.)	[12]
Isolated islets	10 T2D 38 controls	Gene array, co-expression networks	n.a.	IL6, IL11, IL33, IL13RA2, IL18R1, IL1R1, IL1R2, IL1RL1↑	[13]
Pancreas sections	20 T2D no amyloid 26 with amyloid 20 controls	Immuno-histochemistry	CD68+↑ selectively in amyloid + samples and not in amyloid − samples CD163+→	n.a.	[14]
Isolated islets cultured for ≅ 3 days	18 T2D 21 controls	FACS islet function	CD45+↑ CD3+ T-cells→ CD20+ B-cells↑	CCL2, TNF-α↑	[15]
Pancreas sections	11 T2D 15 controls	Immuno-histochemistry	CD8+ T-cells↑ (only in exocrine tissue)	n.a.	[16]
Pancreas sections	7 T2D 7 controls	Electron-microscopy	Macrophages↑ Lymphocytes→ Mast cells→	n.a.	[17]
Isolated islets	4 T2D 6 controls	Single cell RNAseq	n.a.	Cytokine signaling in acinar cells↑	[18]
Pancreas sections	17 T2D 16 controls	Immuno-histochemistry	CD45+↑	n.a.	[19]
Pancreas sections	50 T2D 44 controls	Immuno-histochemistry	28% T2D with insulitis CD45+ (endo- and exocrine)↑	n.a.	[20]
Isolated islets SR and LCM of β-cell enriched samples	Islets: 19 T2D 84 controls SR: 36 T2D 32 controls	Gene array	n.a.	Islets: IL-1β, CCL26, CCL3, CCL8, CXCL1, CXCL11, CXCL12, CXL2, CXCR7↑ SR→	[21]

Ref. reference; LCM laser capture microdissection; n.a. not analyzed; SR surgical resection

↑ significantly increased; → unchanged; ↑ (n.s) trend to increase, not significant