Table 2.
Some representatives of the marine anticancer floral derivatives/compounds
| Marine flora | Chemical constituent | Biological Activity | Mechanism of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | ||||
| Salinispora tropica and Salinispora arenicola | Salinosporamide A (Marizomib) | Anticancer on multiple myeloma, lymphoma, glioblastoma, can cross blood-brain barrier. | Proteasome inhibitor. | [84] |
| Streptomyces variabilis | Ammosamides | Anticancer agaist neuroblastoma, colon carcinoma. | Cell cycle modulators, inhibitors of quinone reductase 2, Tubulin polymerisation inhibitors. | [85] |
| Halomonas sulfitobacter (Brine-seawater interface of the Red Sea) | Crude extract | Anticancer | – | [86] |
| Halophilic sp., chromohalobacter salexigens, Halomonas meridian, Idiomarina loihiensis, Chromohalobacter israelensis (Brine pools of the Red sea and from sediment). | Crude extract | Anticancer | – | [87] |
| Serinicoccus sp. | Seriniquinone | Anticancer against melanoma. | Autophagy inducer, targets small protein dermicidin. | [88] |
| Streptomyces sp. | Chlorizidines A and B | Cytotoxic against colon cancer cells. | Target enolase & Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. | [89] |
| Micromonospora marina | Thiocoraline | Cytotoxic profile for melanoma and cancer cell lines (lung and colon). | Inhibiting DNA polymerase α, induces cell-cycle arrest. | [90] |
| Fungus | ||||
| Aspergillus sp. | Synthetic analogue of metabolite Halimide | Non-small cell lung cancer, Neutropenia, Glioblastoma, Brain cancer. | Guanine nucleotide exchange factor stimulants; Mitosis inhibitors; Tubulin polymerisation inhibitors; Vascular disrupting agents. | [91] |
| Halorosellinia sp., Guignardia sp. | Anthracenedione | Anticancer | Type II topoisomerase inhibitor; it disrupts DNA synthesis and DNA repair. | [92] |
| Myrothecium roridum | Verrucarin A | Antitumor | Inhibition of the activation of the mitogen activated kinases c-JUN and p38. | [93] |
| Penicillium sp. | Chromanone A44 | Antitumor | Alteration of carcinogen metabolizing enzymes and protection from DNA damage. | [94] |
| Microsporum sp. | Neoechinulin A | Cytotoxic effect on human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells | Upregulates p53, p21, Bax, Caspase 3, and Caspase 9 proteins and downregulates Bcl-2. | [95] |
| Aspergillus fumigatus | Fumigaclavine C | Antiproliferative in MCF-7 cells. | DNA fragmentation, cell-cycle arrest, modulate the apoptotic protein expressions. | [96] |
| Neosartorya pseufofischeri | Gliotoxin | Antiproliferative in colon cancer cells. | Apoptosis inducer, Wnt signalling inhibitor | [97] |
| Algae | ||||
| Stigonema sp | Scytonemin | Antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory actions, Cytotoxic against human fibroblasts and endothelial cells. | Protein kinase inhibitor. | [98] |
| Symploca sp. | Largazole | Antiproliferative activity in colon cancer. | Histone deacetylase inhibitor. | [99] |
| Nostoc sp. | Cryptophycins | Cytotoxicity against human solid tumors. | Microtubule inhibition. | [100] |
| Caulerpa taxifolia | Caulerpenyne | Cytotoxic, antiproliferating and anticancerous profile. | Inhibition of microtubule polymerization. | [101] |
| Lyngbya boulloni, Lyngbya majuscula | Apratoxin E, Apratoxin A | Cytotoxic profile against adenocarcinoma. | Inhibits Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT signaling, cell cycle arrest. | [102] |
| Ascophyllum nodosum, Sargassum thunbergii | Fucoidan | Anticancer and fibrinolytic. | Cell cycle arrest, decrease in anti-apoptotic proteins expression, activation of JNK and p38. | [103, 104] |
| Undaria pinnatifida | Fucoidan | Cytotoxic against human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721. | Cell death by ROS mediated-mitochondrial signaling pathway. | [105, 106] |
| Acanthophora spicifera | Ketoseroids | Antitumor, cytotoxic against human cancer cell lines. | Regress viable cell count & volume of tumor. | [107] |
| Lyngbya majuscula | Curacin A | Antiproliferative in cancer cell lines. | Colchicine Site Antimitotic Agent. | [108] |
| Sargassum fusiforme, Sargassum trichophyllum | Laminarin | Apoptosis of LoVo human metastatic colon cell | Caspase-3, caspase-9 induction and cell- cycle arrest. | [109] |
| Laminaria japonica | Fucoxanthin | Antitumor, anti-lung cancer. | Cell cycle arrest, modulates p21, p53, PUMA, Fas, Bcl-2 and caspase-3/8 expression. | [110] |
| Rhodomela confervoides | Bis (2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxy-phenyl) -methane (BDDPM) | Cytotoxic | Inhibit integrin-FAK signaling. | [111] |
| Caribbean tunicate Trididemnum solidum (symbiotic cyanobacterium living in association with the tunicate) | Didemnin B | Antitumor | Inhibits the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins | [112] |
| Monanchora pulchra | Sesterterpenoid and cholestane-type steroids | Antineoplastic | Inhibit Wnt/-Catenin Signaling | [113] |
| Hippospongia metachromia | Ilimaquinone and ethylsmenoquinone | Antineoplastic | Inhibit Wnt/-Catenin Signaling, p53 activation, apoptosis inducer | [114] |
| Mangroves and other coastal plants | ||||
| Ceriops decandra | Mangrove tea, triterpenes | Inhibit DMBA Induced Hamster Buccal Pouch Carcinoma | Antimicrobial against cancer causing bacteria, Free radical scavenging. | [115] |
| Acanthus ilicifolius | acanthicifoline and benzoxazinium compounds | Antineoplastic | Apoptosis induer, Free radical scavenging. | [116] |
| Conocarpus erectus | trimethoxyellagic acid glucuronide | Antineoplastic in MCF-7 snd Hep G2 cells | Cytotoxic, Free radical scavenging. | [117] |
| Avicienna alba | Naphthoquinones. | Anticancer | Free radical scavenging. | [118] |
| Calophylum inophylum | Phenylcoumarins, xanthone, biflavonoids, Neoflavonoids. | Anticancer | Cell cycle arrest, decreased Bcl-2 expression, increase expression of Bax, cytochrome C and p53. | [119] |
| Excoecaria agallocha | Diterpenes, tannin, alkaloids, Exoecarin, Mycertin. | Anticancer | Free radical scavenging. | [120] |