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. 2018 Nov 26;10(3):206–212. doi: 10.1007/s13340-018-0381-z

Table 2.

Comparison of four groups classified by body mass index and eating habit profile

(A) NO/NOE (B) NO/OE (C) O/NOE (D) O/OE
mean ± SD mean ± SD mean ± SD mean ± SD
Male n = 46 n = 16 n = 14 n = 12
 BMIa 21.7 ± 2.2 23.0 ± 1.3 26.6 ± 1.9 29.0 ± 2.4
 Daily calorie intake/SBWa 27.9 ± 4.5 42.3 ± 5.7 29.9 ± 3.4 40.9 ± 6.1
 Age 65.1 ± 8.7* 64.2 ± 8.2 63.9 ± 7.5 56.6 ± 9.3*
 HbA1c [NGSP] (%) 7.7 ± 0.7* 7.8 ± 1.0 7.9 ± 0.5 8.5 ± 1.2*†‡
 Daily number of steps 9084.4 ± 3463.1 11,431.6 ± 6864.3* 7218.9 ± 3465.5* 7529.2 ± 2969.2
 ES-SMBPA-2Db
  ES-SMBPA-2D I-1 29.2 ± 26.9 30.5 ± 32.3 23.2 ± 22.8 20.8 ± 28.9
  ES-SMBPA-2D I-2 35.2 ± 22.4 32.8 ± 23.0 32.6 ± 21.0 27.1 ± 18.9
  ES-SMBPA-2D I-3 46.2 ± 20.2 48.4 ± 20.9 30.4 ± 22.3 33.3 ± 24.3
  ES-SMBPA-2D I-4 43.1 ± 25.3 55.9 ± 26.7 33.5 ± 21.0 35.9 ± 19.4
  ES-SMBPA-2D II-1 50.2 ± 35.6 50.3 ± 23.9 39.7 ± 28.0 32.1 ± 25.8
  ES-SMBPA-2D II-2 31.5 ± 34.9 40.7 ± 32.6 38.1 ± 38.2 28.5 ± 26.9
  ES-SMBPA-2D II-3 51.3 ± 31.9 60.4 ± 31.8 44.1 ± 25.0 42.3 ± 38.8
  ES-SMBPA-2D II-4 19.3 ± 26.3 35.1 ± 28.8* 14.3 ± 15.0 9.4 ± 12.1*
  ES-SMBPA-2D II-5 20.1 ± 20.7 23.4 ± 25.1 26.8 ± 26.6 21.5 ± 19.3
Female n = 32 n = 7 n = 10 n = 8
 BMIa 20.8 ± 1.9 22.7 ± 1.7 28.6 ± 4.2 26.6 ± 1.7
 Daily calorie intake/SBWa 25.8 ± 4.9 44.3 ± 8.0 29.0 ± 3.5 41.4 ± 8.2
 Age (years) 65.5 ± 9.7 64.3 ± 7.5 58.4 ± 14.4 62.6 ± 9.0
 HbA1c [NGSP] (%) 7.8 ± 0.9* 9.0 ± 1.2* 7.6 ± 0.7 8.3 ± 1.0
 Daily number of Steps 6719.1 ± 3309.3 8862.7 ± 1769.0 7085.1 ± 2130.3 7658.6 ± 3739.8
 ES-SMBPA-2Db
  ES-SMBPA-2D I-1 40.4 ± 28.1 58.1 ± 34.5 40.6 ± 26.2 52.4 ± 26.9
  ES-SMBPA-2D I-2 55.3 ± 28.6 61.6 ± 25.9 47.5 ± 31.1 43.8 ± 14.6
  ES-SMBPA-2D I-3 45.7 ± 27.4 44.6 ± 20.9 40.0 ± 30.1 35.9 ± 23.3
  ES-SMBPA-2D I-4 54.1 ± 22.9 63.4 ± 23.8 48.8 ± 20.4 59.4 ± 18.0
  ES-SMBPA-2D II-1 46.0 ± 27.2 60.7 ± 21.1 38.0 ± 33.2 41.3 ± 25.9
  ES-SMBPA-2D II-2 25.5 ± 28.3 23.8 ± 25.7 35.0 ± 39.1 32.3 ± 32.6
  ES-SMBPA-2D II-3 52.8 ± 28.4 66.7 ± 34.4 44.2 ± 38.5 26.1 ± 21.6
  ES-SMBPA-2D II-4 19.1 ± 14.8 26.8 ± 29.3 21.3 ± 20.5 31.3 ± 18.9
  ES-SMBPA-2D II-5 17.4 ± 21.9 30.9 ± 17.2 31.7 ± 15.6 27.1 ± 33.3

Data given as mean ± SD. Each value with same symbol means the presence of statistically significant difference

BMI body mass index, SBW standard body weight, NGSP National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program, NO/NOE non-obesity and non-overeating, NO/OE non-obesity and overeating, O/NOE obesity and non-overeating, O/OE obesity and overeating, ES-SMBPA-2D evaluation scale for self-management behavior related to physical activity of patients with type 2 diabetes

aNot tested

bAll ES-SMBPA-2D measures are scored at percentage (from 0 to 100). Responses to the items of this scale were rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = never, 1 = occasionally, 2 = sometimes, 3 = usually, 4 = always)

ES-SMBPA-2D I-1: increasing the number of steps through shopping activities

ES-SMBPA-2D I-2: increasing the frequency of household activities

ES-SMBPA-2D I-3: deliberately increasing the amount of exertion required in daily activities

ES-SMBPA-2D I-4: increasing the number of steps through commuting activities

ES-SMBPA-2D II-1: selecting a suitable place or time for physical activities

ES-SMBPA-2D II-2: self-monitoring of physical activities

ES-SMBPA-2D II-3: making active behavior a habit

ES-SMBPA-2D II-4: exercising to stimulate the enjoyment of eating

ES-SMBPA-2D II-5: creating situations to enhance active behavior