Table 2.
Comparison of four groups classified by body mass index and eating habit profile
| (A) NO/NOE | (B) NO/OE | (C) O/NOE | (D) O/OE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean ± SD | mean ± SD | mean ± SD | mean ± SD | |
| Male | n = 46 | n = 16 | n = 14 | n = 12 |
| BMIa | 21.7 ± 2.2 | 23.0 ± 1.3 | 26.6 ± 1.9 | 29.0 ± 2.4 |
| Daily calorie intake/SBWa | 27.9 ± 4.5 | 42.3 ± 5.7 | 29.9 ± 3.4 | 40.9 ± 6.1 |
| Age | 65.1 ± 8.7* | 64.2 ± 8.2 | 63.9 ± 7.5 | 56.6 ± 9.3* |
| HbA1c [NGSP] (%) | 7.7 ± 0.7* | 7.8 ± 1.0† | 7.9 ± 0.5‡ | 8.5 ± 1.2*†‡ |
| Daily number of steps | 9084.4 ± 3463.1 | 11,431.6 ± 6864.3* | 7218.9 ± 3465.5* | 7529.2 ± 2969.2 |
| ES-SMBPA-2Db | ||||
| ES-SMBPA-2D I-1 | 29.2 ± 26.9 | 30.5 ± 32.3 | 23.2 ± 22.8 | 20.8 ± 28.9 |
| ES-SMBPA-2D I-2 | 35.2 ± 22.4 | 32.8 ± 23.0 | 32.6 ± 21.0 | 27.1 ± 18.9 |
| ES-SMBPA-2D I-3 | 46.2 ± 20.2 | 48.4 ± 20.9 | 30.4 ± 22.3 | 33.3 ± 24.3 |
| ES-SMBPA-2D I-4 | 43.1 ± 25.3 | 55.9 ± 26.7 | 33.5 ± 21.0 | 35.9 ± 19.4 |
| ES-SMBPA-2D II-1 | 50.2 ± 35.6 | 50.3 ± 23.9 | 39.7 ± 28.0 | 32.1 ± 25.8 |
| ES-SMBPA-2D II-2 | 31.5 ± 34.9 | 40.7 ± 32.6 | 38.1 ± 38.2 | 28.5 ± 26.9 |
| ES-SMBPA-2D II-3 | 51.3 ± 31.9 | 60.4 ± 31.8 | 44.1 ± 25.0 | 42.3 ± 38.8 |
| ES-SMBPA-2D II-4 | 19.3 ± 26.3 | 35.1 ± 28.8* | 14.3 ± 15.0 | 9.4 ± 12.1* |
| ES-SMBPA-2D II-5 | 20.1 ± 20.7 | 23.4 ± 25.1 | 26.8 ± 26.6 | 21.5 ± 19.3 |
| Female | n = 32 | n = 7 | n = 10 | n = 8 |
| BMIa | 20.8 ± 1.9 | 22.7 ± 1.7 | 28.6 ± 4.2 | 26.6 ± 1.7 |
| Daily calorie intake/SBWa | 25.8 ± 4.9 | 44.3 ± 8.0 | 29.0 ± 3.5 | 41.4 ± 8.2 |
| Age (years) | 65.5 ± 9.7 | 64.3 ± 7.5 | 58.4 ± 14.4 | 62.6 ± 9.0 |
| HbA1c [NGSP] (%) | 7.8 ± 0.9* | 9.0 ± 1.2*† | 7.6 ± 0.7† | 8.3 ± 1.0 |
| Daily number of Steps | 6719.1 ± 3309.3 | 8862.7 ± 1769.0 | 7085.1 ± 2130.3 | 7658.6 ± 3739.8 |
| ES-SMBPA-2Db | ||||
| ES-SMBPA-2D I-1 | 40.4 ± 28.1 | 58.1 ± 34.5 | 40.6 ± 26.2 | 52.4 ± 26.9 |
| ES-SMBPA-2D I-2 | 55.3 ± 28.6 | 61.6 ± 25.9 | 47.5 ± 31.1 | 43.8 ± 14.6 |
| ES-SMBPA-2D I-3 | 45.7 ± 27.4 | 44.6 ± 20.9 | 40.0 ± 30.1 | 35.9 ± 23.3 |
| ES-SMBPA-2D I-4 | 54.1 ± 22.9 | 63.4 ± 23.8 | 48.8 ± 20.4 | 59.4 ± 18.0 |
| ES-SMBPA-2D II-1 | 46.0 ± 27.2 | 60.7 ± 21.1 | 38.0 ± 33.2 | 41.3 ± 25.9 |
| ES-SMBPA-2D II-2 | 25.5 ± 28.3 | 23.8 ± 25.7 | 35.0 ± 39.1 | 32.3 ± 32.6 |
| ES-SMBPA-2D II-3 | 52.8 ± 28.4 | 66.7 ± 34.4 | 44.2 ± 38.5 | 26.1 ± 21.6 |
| ES-SMBPA-2D II-4 | 19.1 ± 14.8 | 26.8 ± 29.3 | 21.3 ± 20.5 | 31.3 ± 18.9 |
| ES-SMBPA-2D II-5 | 17.4 ± 21.9 | 30.9 ± 17.2 | 31.7 ± 15.6 | 27.1 ± 33.3 |
Data given as mean ± SD. Each value with same symbol means the presence of statistically significant difference
BMI body mass index, SBW standard body weight, NGSP National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program, NO/NOE non-obesity and non-overeating, NO/OE non-obesity and overeating, O/NOE obesity and non-overeating, O/OE obesity and overeating, ES-SMBPA-2D evaluation scale for self-management behavior related to physical activity of patients with type 2 diabetes
aNot tested
bAll ES-SMBPA-2D measures are scored at percentage (from 0 to 100). Responses to the items of this scale were rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = never, 1 = occasionally, 2 = sometimes, 3 = usually, 4 = always)
ES-SMBPA-2D I-1: increasing the number of steps through shopping activities
ES-SMBPA-2D I-2: increasing the frequency of household activities
ES-SMBPA-2D I-3: deliberately increasing the amount of exertion required in daily activities
ES-SMBPA-2D I-4: increasing the number of steps through commuting activities
ES-SMBPA-2D II-1: selecting a suitable place or time for physical activities
ES-SMBPA-2D II-2: self-monitoring of physical activities
ES-SMBPA-2D II-3: making active behavior a habit
ES-SMBPA-2D II-4: exercising to stimulate the enjoyment of eating
ES-SMBPA-2D II-5: creating situations to enhance active behavior